of cells. Meat reddened but not softened. Butyric odor. Milk (plain): Unchanged. Iron milk (Spray) : Clotted and pepto- nized. Indole production slight, if at all. Hydrogen sulfide produced in bismuth carbonate agar. Acid but no gas from glucose, fructose, maltose, inositol and galactose. Arabinose, xjdose, rhamnose, trehalose, rafiinose, inu- lin, glycogen, erythritol, adonitol, mannitol, dulcitol, sorbitol, amygdalin and salicin not fermented. Results with different base media vary with lactose, sucrose and dex- trin. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Coagulated serum: No clearing. Coagulated egg albumin: Cleared but not dissolved. Brain medium with iron: No blackening. Strictly anaerobic. Optimum temperature, 37° C. Exotoxin produced in beef heart mash which is toxic by injection or feeding. Toxin neutralized by type D antitoxin but not by types A, B, C or E. Mice, guinea pigs and rabbits are susceptible to toxin on injection or feeding. Monkeys are susceptible on in- jection but are resistant to feeding, Chick- ens not susceptible on injection. Non-toxic substrains are frequently encountered. Source: Isolated from South African "Lamziekte" of cattle and from Australian soil. Habitat: Probably soil. 22c. Clostridium boiulinum Type E, Gun- nison et al., 1936. (Gunnison, Cummings and Meyer, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 85, 1936, 278.) Description taken from Gunnison, Cum- mings and Meyer (loc. cit.), Hazen (Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 50, 1942, 112), Dolman and Kerr (Canad. Jour. Pub. Health, 38, 1947, 48) and Dolman, Chang, Kerr and Shearer (Canad. Jour. Pub. Health, 4/, 1950,215). Rods, 4.0 to 6.0 microns in length, with rounded ends, often vacuolated. Spores large, ovoid, subterminal, very slightly swelling the cells. Motile. Gram-positive. Gelatin: Liquefaction (probably slowly and not completely). Peptone beef infusion broth with ground meat: Slightly turbid, clearing on continued incubation; gas production marked in young cultures; meat not digested. Milk : No change or slightly acid without action on casein. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, su- crose, maltose, adonitol, sorbitol and inosi- tol. Lactose, raffinose, rhamnose, galactose, mannitol, inulin and dulcitol are not fer- mented. Reports vary on arabinose, xylose, glycerol, salicin and dextrin. Coagulated egg medium: No digestion. Coagulated serum: No digestion on origi- nal isolation. Human or sheep blood agar surface colo- nies: Small, flat, translucent, faintly gray, with smooth or irregular edges. Sometimes with slightly raised centers. Tendency to form film on moist agar. Reports on hemoly- sis vary. Brain medium: No blackening or diges- tion. Strictly anaerobic. Optimum temperature, probably between 25° and 30° C. Produces an exotoxin potent by injection or feeding. Toxin neutralized by type E anti- toxin but not by tj^pes A, B, C or D. Mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and kittens susceptible on injection. Susceptibility of chickens varies with the strain. Source: Isolated from Russian sturgeon, German canned sprats. Nova Scotian smoked salmon, canned California mush- rooms, Canadian canned salmon, canned salmon eggs, Canadian pickled herring, canned chicken, soil contaminated with chicken feces, mud and sand. Habitat: Not determined. 23. Clostridium limosum Prevot, 1948. (Ann. Inst. Past., 74, 1948, 165.) li.mo'sum. L. adj. litnosus full of mud or slime, slimy; (probably intended to mean) from mud. Rods, 0.7 by 3.0 microns, with rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and occasion- ally in short chains. Spores subterminal, clostridial. Motile. Gram-positive. Gelatin: Liquefaction.
