linum) and an ovolytic {Clostridium para- hotulinum) group. Authorities are not yet in agreement on fermentations and on var- iant sub-types, and the present groupings are only tentative and are subject to re- vision. Meyer and Gunnison cite some 15 sub-types on the basis of toxicity, agglutina- tion and fermentation. Many authors have ignored the Bengtson system of classifica- tion and thus have referred incorrectly to Clostridium botulinum in reporting data for the ovolytic types. Source: Unknown. Culture received through Reddish from Robertson as Bacillus botulinus No. 94, Strain A, Institute of In- fectious Diseases at Berlin. Similar strains have been isolated from canned foods. Habitat: Probably occurs in soil. 22a. Clostridium botulinum Type C, Spray, 1948. (Toxin-producing anaerobe, Bengtson, U. S. Public Health Repts., 37, 1922, 164 and 2252; Bacillus botulinus Type C, Bengtson, ibid., 38; also see U. S. Public Health Serv., Hyg. Lab. Bull. 136, 1924, 7; Clostridium luciliae Bergey et al.. Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 336; Spray, in Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 779.) Rods, 0.5 to 0.8 by 3.0 to 6.0 microns, com- monly slightly curved. Agar surface growth (anaerobic) : Very scant, thin. Glucose agar deep colonies: Fluffy, with- out central nucleus. Gas not produced. Liver agar deep colonies: Lenticular, be- coming loosely fluffy. Gas is produced. Agar stab: Slight growth. No gas. Broth: Scant growth. Milk: Slowly increasing acidity; no coagu- lation; no digestion. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galac- tose, maltose, glycerol and inositol. Dextrin is weakly fermented. Sucrose, lactose, rafii- nose, inulin, adonitol, dulcitol, mannitol, xylose, arabinose, rhamnose and salicin not fermented. Strictly anaerobic. Grows well at 37° C. A powerful exotoxin is produced which is neurotoxic both on injection and feeding. Toxin is neutralized by homologous (Type Ca) antitoxin, but not by Bacillus para- botulinus Seddon (Type C/3) antitoxin, al- though Seddon-toxin is neutralized by Type Ca antitoxin (Pfenninger, Jour. Inf. Dis., 35, 1924, 347). Pathogenic for animals. Comments: Clostridium botulinum Type C may be regarded as a variety of Clostridium botulinum as it has morphological and cul- tural characters very similar to those of the van Ermengem strain. Only divergent or additional characters are recorded here. Source: Isolated from the larvae of the blue-bottle fly (Lucilia caesar). Produces limberneck in chickens. Habitat: Not determined. 22b. Clostridium botulinum Type D, Meyer and Gunnison, 1928. (Clostridium parabotulimis bovis Theiler, Viljoen, Green, Du Toit, Meier and Robinson, Union So. Africa, Dept. Agr., 11th and 12th Repts. of the Dir. Vet. Educ. and Res., Part II, 1927, 1202; Meyer and Gunnison, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 26, 1928-29, 88; not Clostri- dium botulinum Type D, Weinberg and Ginsbourg, Donn^es Recentes sur les Mic- robes Anaer., Paris, 1927; not Clostridium botulinum Type D, Willems, Acta Biol. Belg., 1, 1941, 353; also see Meyer and Gun- nison, Jour. Inf. Dis., J^B, 1929, 106; and Eales and Turner, Austral. Jour. Exp. Biol, and Med. Sci., 30, 1952, 295.) Straight rods, 0.9 to 2.0 by 3.0 to 9.0 mi- crons, with rounded ends, sometimes pleo- morphic with curved or bent forms mixed with large, thick, straight forms, occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains. Large, ovoid, terminal or subterminal spores, slightly distending the cells. Motile, proba- bly by means of peritrichous flagella, in young cultures examined anaerobically. Gram-positive. Iron-gelatin (Spray) or gelatin in peptic digest broth: Liquefaction. Glucose rabbit blood agar surface colo- nies: Round, slightly granular, lobulate, faintly gray, glistening; possess blunt proc- esses and fine outgrowths with thicker nodes at intervals; no hemolysis. Liver agar deep colonies: Large, fluffy with dense centers. Beef heart broth: Good growth with mod- erate gas production. Rapid sedimentation
