ITALY
241
ITALY
There were, moreover, 2 battleships, 1 protected
cruiser, and 10 torpedo-boats in course of construction.
In 1909-1910 the expenses on naval construction are anticipated to amount to nearly $9,000,000. Italy is the seventh of the naval powers and has an efficient tonnage of 150.9S0. The naval academy at Leghorn and the engineering school of Venice provide officers for the navy.
Education. — In the Kingdom of Italy education is divided into primary or elementary, secondary and superior, and the scholastic administration, in general, is under the Ministry of Pui)lic Instruction, which is assisted l>y a partly elective Superior Council, consist- ing of thirty-two members; local educational admin- istration, excluding universities, is under the prefect,
so far as the communes and the heads of families are
concerned, is as yet only a laudable wish, seeing the
very slow diminution in the numbers of those unable
to read and write. Those who did not know how to
read and write, according to the census of 1872, con-
stituted an average of 68-7 per cent of the population;
the same class, in the census of 1901, furnishes a corre-
sponding average of 52-3. The illiterate among the
army conscripts born in 1886 numbered 50,642, or
29-3 per cent of the enrolled, and the corresponding
figures of the navy conscripts born in 1885 were 5833
or 48-7. In the marriages contracted in 1906 there was
a proportion of 29-3 per cent of the men, and 42-1 per
cent of the women illiterate. The causes of permanent
illiteracy, notwithstanding expenditure and govern-
ARCHDIOCESES AND DIOCESES OF ITALY
Suburbicarian
Ostla and
Vellelrl
Porto and S. Ruflna
Albano
Frasrati
Palest rina
SabiDa
I. Subject IiT
d lately to
Holy See
Camerino
Catania
Cosenza
Ferrara
Gaeta
Lucca
Perugia
Dioceses
Aci-Reale
Acquapendente
Alatrl
Amelia
Anagnl
Arezzo
AscoU
Assist
A versa
Bagnorea
Borgo S. Donnino
Cava and Sarno
Citti della Pleve
Clttii dl Castello
Civit& Casteliano.
Orte.andGallese Cornelo Tar- nla, and
Civitavecchia
Savona and
Noll Tortona Ventimlglla
Alba
Aosta
AstI
Mondov!
Plnerolo
Saluzzo
Susa
Bielia
Casaie Mon-
ferrato Novara Vigevano
Milan
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Crema
Cremona
Lodl
Mantua
Pa via
VI
Venice
Adria
BelluDo and
Feltre Ceneda Chioggia Concordia Padua Treviso Verona Vicenza
States of the
VIII
Fermo
Maoerata and
Tolentino Montalto Rlnatransone
Ravenna
Bertlnoro
Cervia
Cesena
Vado and
Urban ia
Caglia
Tuscany and
Florence
Borgo San
Sepolcro Colle dl Val
d'Elsa Flesole S. Miniato
XII
MODENA
Carpi
Carrara
Regglo
XIII Pisa
Leghorn Pescia PontremoU Vol terra
Chiusl
Grosseto
Massa
Marittima
^l-,
Cortona
Fabriano and
Matellca Fano Ferentlno FoEgia Foligno Gravina and
Monte Peloso Gubblo Jesl
Lunl-Sarzana S. Marco and
Bisignano
Mlieto
MoUetta. Ter-
lizzi. and
Monopoli
Montalcino
Monteflascone
Jlontepuiciano
Term
Nocera
Norcia
Orvleto
Osimo and
CIngoll
Rccanatl and
XV
acerenza a] Matera Anglona-TursI
XVII
Benevento
S. Apata del GotI
AUre
Arlano
Ascotl. Satrl-
ano and
Clrlgnola
TodI
Trela
Trlvento
Trola
AvelUno
Bojano
Bovlno
Larlno
Lucera
XIX
APUA
Calazzo Calvl and
Caserta Isemia and Venafro Sessa Aurunca
XX
'; Angelo del
Lornbardi
and Bisaccia
'ampagna
XXXII
Messina LI pari Nicosia Pattl XXXIII Monreale Caltanissetta Girgentl XXXIV Palermo Cefalfi Mazzara del
Vallo Trapani XXXV
Syracuse Caitaglrone
XXXVI
Caglia Ri Gaitelli-Nuoro Igleslas
XXXVIII
Sassari Alghero
Armerlna I Bosa
XXII
Lanciano
Orion a
XXIII
Manfredom
Viestl
XXIV
Naples
Acerra
Ischia
Nola
Pozzuoll
XXV
Otranto
GalUpoll
XXVI
Reggio
Bova
Cassano
ail' Ionic Catanzaro Cotrone Gerace Nicastro Nicoteraand
Tropoa
I XXVII
Salerno Acerno Capacclo-
del Paganl
Nusco
Poll cast ro
Bussentlno
XXVIII . Severina
Cariatl
XXIX
Sorrento Casteilamare dl Stabla
XXXI
Than I and
Barletta Andrla
a provincial scholastic council, the superintendent
of studies, the board of vigilance for the technical
and nautical institutes, and the district inspectors of
the elementary schools. Elementary instruction is di-
vided into two grades, the lower and the superior,
each of which is divided into three classes, and the
law compels the communes to furnish it; it is, as a rule,
gratuitous, and jiarents and guardians are obliged to
see that their charges receive it between the ages of
six years and twelve years, unless they provide
otherwise for their children's instruction (laws of 15
July, 1877, and S July, 1004). The State furnishes pri-
mary instruction, also, in schools estabhshed in for-
eign parts. No citizen is allowed to vote who has not
passed the examination at the end of the primary
course. The normal schools train the teachers of the
elementary schools. It is evident, however, that com-
pulsion in regard to this elementary education, both
VIII-— 16
ment effort, are poverty of workingmen's famiHes,
which are constrained to make their cliildren earners
before they have reached the age of twelve years; the
moral debasement of the teachers who. with some ex-
ceptions, have become apostles of sociahsm and athe-
ism, because of their miserable remuneration, which is
inferior to the salary of a workman ; the want of care on
the part of the communes in regard to the hygiene of
the schools, which makes the school a repellent rather
than an attractive centre; the fact that the agricul-
tural population is scattered through the country,
which makes profitable attendance at school difficult
for the children; many children leave school without
having acquired instruction, knowing scarcely how to
write their names. What are the remedies? There
is only one: the liberty of elementary teaching in the
broadest sense of the worfl, not only as regards the
teachers but also as regards the course of studies, ex-
