LUNETTE
435
LUHSTTB
Lund. In 1134 Asgcr was confirmed in his dignity by
Innocent II, through the papal legate Cardinal Mar-
tin. In 1139 his successor Eskil (q. v.) held at Lund
the first Northern National Council under the presi-
dency of Cardinal Theodignus. The high altar of the
cathedral was solemnly consecrated by Eskil in 1145,
making in all with those of the crypt sixty-four conse-
crated altars. When in 1152 a separate ecclesiastical
province was established at Tronohjem (Nidaros) for
Is'orway with bishops of the Faroe Islands, Iceland,
and Greenland as suffragans, the Archbishop of Luna
received the honour of papal legate with the title of
Primate of Denmark and Sweden, Under Eskil's
reign the ecclesiastical law of Skaane (1162) and Zee-
land (1171) was codified, numerous monasteries
founded and the Archbishopric of Upsala established
(1164). After the conauest of Rugen (1169) the See
of Roskilde was divided and the jurisdiction of Limd
was enlarged. Later the North German sees of Lil-
beck, Hatzeburg, Schwerin, and Cammin were added
to Lund as suffragans.
Under Archbishops Absalon (1177-1201) (q. v.), and Andreas Sunesdn, 1201-23, Lund was at the zenith of its power. Absalon was equally prominent as prince of the Church and as statesman and con- tinues to he reckoned one of the most prominent men of medieval Denmark. Both he and Eskill encour- aged monastic life and were patrons of the arts and sciences. During his reign the famous historian Saxo Gramma ticus was provost of Roskilde (1208). Ab- salon rendered service to the Church by strict disci- pUne and the introduction of celibacy among the clergy. His successor Andreas was a zealous and saintly man highly educated and the most learned medieval theologian of Denmark. The epic "Hexa- (jmeron" and several hymns testify to his gifts as a classical scholar. He took part personally in the crusades against the heathens m Livonia and Esthonia and established three new suffragan sees in Reval, Leal, and Virland which were lost by the sale of Es- thonia to the Teutonic Order (1346). Under him the first Dominican monastery was established in Lund (1221). He was probably present at the Lateran Council and is said to have been the only Dane who ever received a cardinal's hat. He ilied in 1228 after he had resigned about 1223 on account of ill-health; it has been suggested on account of leprosy.
The second half of this century was saddened by weary strifes between the archbishops and Kings Christopher I and Eric Mcnved. Archbishops Jacob Erlandsen and Jens Grand were cruelly imprisoned and the country fell under an interdict. Jens Grand escaped from his prison to Rome and Boniface VIII removed the interdict from Lund. The archbishop lived several years in Paris, received in 1307 the See of Bremen and died at Avignon, 1326. The disorders of the time were responsible for the decline of Lund in secular and ecclesiastical affairs. The Province of Skaane passed (1332-1360) to Sweden, was recon- quered and was definitely lost by the Peace of Rc»- kilde (1658). At the same time the Archbishop of Lund's influence disappeared for the Archbishop of Up- sala assumed complete authority over Lund, thereby depriving the dignity of Primate of Sweden of all meaning. During the time just preceding the Refor- mation church affairs were in a very bad way in Den- mark. Archbishop Birger (1519) rendered valuable service 1 )y having the "Missale lun dense' ^ the "Breviar- ium ccclesiaj lundcnsis", the^Statuta pro vincialia " as well as the " Historia danica" of Saxo Grammaticus printed at Paris. After his death there were com- plications and dissensions between Christian II and the cathedral chapter. The originally elected Aage Sparre who was withdrawn to favour tfie king's choice, Jiirgen 8kodl)org, succeeded (1523) in occup>dng the archiepiscopal chair but resigned in 1532, powerless to stay the advances of the Reformation. The last
Catholic archbishop, Torben Bills, who, however, was
never consecrated, was imprisoned by command of
Christian III in 1536, church property was confiscated
by the crown, and the Reformation was established.
A superintendent took the place of the archbishop
and the incumbent has had the title of bishop since the
incorporation with Sweden in 1658.
Eight years later, Charles X founded a university,
solemnly opened in 1668. In 1676 the Danes gave
bloody battle near Limd and made in 1709 ano^er
fruitless attempt to reconquer Skaane. Charles VII
made Lund his head-quarters after his return from
Turkey in 1716-1718. In the course of its existence
the university has been threatened in several ways,
but since the beginning of the nineteenth century it
has not been imperilled. It comprises four faculties
and received in 1878-82 the gift of a new building from
the State. In 1908 there were about one hundred
professors stationed there, the number of students
being three hundred and twenty-two. A new library
was built m 1907. The famous poet, Esaias Tegn^,
lived there several years (1812-24) as professor of
esthetics and Greek and died in 1846 as Bishop of
Vexio.
Langebek, Scriptorea rerum danicarum, I-VII (Copenha|[eBi« 1772-02); Necrologium Lundenae, III, 422-73; Liber dameua lundmnn. III, 473; III, 473-579; IV. 26-68; SaxonU Oram" matiei historia Danicat ed. M()ller (Copenhugen, 1839); Pertz, Mag, Adami Gesta hammerdfurgensia ecclesio! PonUfieum, in Mon. Germ, hint., VII (Hanover, 1846), 267-^92; Sommb- LI US, De initiis archiepiaeopatna lundenaia (Lund, 1767); Neu- mann, De fatia Primaiua lundenaia (Ck>penhacen, 1799); Thriob* De bremiake Erkebiakoppera Be^nxbelaer for at vedligeholde dem Hdjhed over den nordiake Kirke (Copenhagen, 1S45); Cawalun. Lunda Stifta Herdaminnetl (Lund. 1854), 1-15; Beruno, Luna (Lund. 1859-68); Joroensen, Den nordiake Kirkea Orundlmih qelae og /orate Udvikling, I, III (Copenhagen, 1862); AHLBNixra* Sverige. Geografiak, Topqgrafiak, atatiatiak Beakri/ning, I (Stook- holm. Upsali, 100S>, 261-83: HuiTTELnr, Danmarka Rigia Krimike, I, II (Copenhagen, 1652): Oernhjelm, Hiatorica Sve- onum Gothorumgue eccleaiaatica libri quatuor priorea (Stock- holm, 1689); Pontoppidan, Annalea eccUaia danica. I-IV (Copenhagen, 174 1 , sq.); iSuRic, Hiatorie af Danmarkt II-XIV
von Uanemar/c una isorxvegen ^L<eipzig, lodl;; keuterdahl,
Svenaka kyrkana hifiorie (till 1633), I-IV (Lund, 1836-66);
Lappknberg, Hamburaiadie UrkunderUtuch (Hombuiig, 1842J:
Helveo, Den danake Kirkea Hialorie til Refonnationen I, II
(C!openhagen, 1862); JOroensen, Hiatoridte Afhandlinger^ I
(Copenhagen, 1828), 5-58, 86-179, 202-234; Olrik, Konge og
Prctateatand (Copenhagen, 1898); Idem, Den eaULAe Danmark*'
krimike (0>penhagen, 1898).
Philipp von Kettenbuhq.
Lunette, known in Germany as the lunula and also as the melchisedech, is a crescent-shaped clip made of gold or of silver-gilt which is used for holding the Host in an upright position when exposed in the monstrance. The crescent which holds the Host is securely attached to a small stand or frame and the receptacle of the monstrance is usually provided with a {px>ovo into which the stand fits so as to be held firmly m its place. Most commonly, however, nowadays as a precaution against accidents, the Host is not merely fixed between twocresc«ntrshaped strips of metal but is enclosed in a pyx with two glass faces and this pyx is itself inserted bodily into the receptacle of the monstrance. The lunette was certainly in use before the Reformation and it is to be found in many of the monstrances of the fifteenth century which are still pre- served to us (see the list in Otte-Wemicke, "Hand- buch", I, 243). Already in 1591 Jakob Muller in his " Kirchengeschmuck" gives a detailed description of the lunette, or "monlein", and points out the desira- bility that the two strips of metal that form the clip shoidd be separable so as to permit of their being tlioroughly purifietl when the Host is changed. If a glass pyx is used it ought to be possible so to fix the Host that it does not remain in contact with the glass (Decree of S. Cong, of Rit^s, 4 Feb., 1871).
Sen HOD in KirchenUxikon, s. v. MonslranM; Ottb-Webnicb^ Handburh der kirchliehen Kunt^-Arrftfiologie, I (T/eipzig, 1883), 240- 4: liAiiBiEU de Montm'Lt, Traits pr'ttiquf lie I'ameubie- inftif ih< erli-^f*. 1 n'arw. 1S7"S), X'il-3; Mf ixkk, Kirchtmife' fdimuck ^Munich, 1 jUI;, 30. HeubIuKC Xwv^-'iasrtvs^a.m
