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the eyes, nose, and mouth, or the nose and mouth where accessory equipment is provided to protect the eyes. to protect him from the effects of smoke, carbon dioxide. and other harmful gases. Not less than a 300-liter STPD supply of oxygen for each required flight crew member on flight deck duty shall be provided for this purpose.
(b) Nonpressurized cabin airplanes. The requirement stated in paragraph (a) of this section shall apply to non-pressurized cabin airplanes, if the Administrator finds that it is possible to obtain a dangerous concentration of smoke, carbon dioxide, or other harmful gases in the flight crew compartments in any attitude of flight which might occur when the airplane is flown in accordance with either the normal or emergency procedures approved by the Administrator.
§ 40.206 Equipment for overwater operations. (a) The following equipment shall be required for all extended over-water operations:
(1) Life preserver or other adequate individual flotation device for each occupant of the airplane.
(2) Lifesaving rafts sufficient in number to adequately carry all occupants of the airplane.
(3) Suitable pyrotechnic signaling devices.
(4) One portable emergency radio signaling device. capable of transmission on the appropriate emergency frequency or frequencies, which is not dependent upon the airplane power supply and which is self-buoyant and water-resistant, and
(b) Rafts and life preservers referred to in paragraph (a) (1) and (2) of this section shall be installed so as to be available to the crew and passengers.
§40.201 Equipment for operations in icing conditions.
(a) For all operations in icing conditions each airplane shall be equipped with means for the prevention or removal of ice on windshields, wings, empennage, propellers, and other parts of the airplane where ice formation will adversely affect the safety of the airplane.
(b) For operations in icing conditions at night means shall be provided for illuminating or otherwise determining the formation of ice on the portions of the wings which are critical from the standpoint of ice accumulation. When illuminating means are used, such means shall be of a type which will not cause glare or reflection which would handicap crew members in the performance of their normal functions.
RADIO EQUIPMENT
§ 40.230 Radio equipment. Each airplane used in scheduled air transportation shall be equipped with radio equipment specified for the type of operation in which it is engaged. Where two independent radio systems are required by §§ 40.231 and 40.232, each system shall have an independent antenna installation: Provided. That where rigidly supported nonwire antennas or other antenna installations of equivalent reliability are used, only one such antenna need be provided.
§ 40.231 Radio equipment for operations under VFR over routes navigated by pilotage. (a) For operations conducted under VFR over routes on which navigation can be accomplished by pilotage, each airplane shall be equipped with such radio equipment as is necessary under normal operating conditions to:
(1) Permit communications with at least one appropriate ground station as specified in §40.34 from any point on the route and with other airplanes operated by the air carrier:
(2) Permit communications with airport traffic control towers from any point in the control zone within which flights are intended. The means employed for compliance with subparagraph III of this paragraph may be used for compliance with this subparagraph; and
(3) Receive meteorological information from any point en route by either of two independent systems. Either of the means required for compliance with subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this paragraph may be used to comply with one of the systems required by this subparagraph.
(b) For all operations at night conducted under VFR over routes on which navigation can be accomplished by pilotage. each airplane, in addition to the equipment specified in paragraph (a) of this section, shall be equipped with at least one receiving system, capable of receiving route navigational signals applicable to the route to be flown, except that no marker beacon receiver or ILS receiver need be provided.
§ 40.232 Radio equipment for operations under VFR over routes not navigated by pilotage or for operations under IFR or over the-top. (a) For operations conducted under VFR over routes on which navigation cannot be accomplished by pilotage or for operations conducted under IFR or over-the-top, each airplane, in addition to the equipment required by §40.231, shall be equipped with such radio equipment as is necessary to receive satisfactorily. by either of two independent systems, radio navigational signals from all primary en route and approach navigational facilities intended to be used except that only one marker beacon receiver which provides visual and aural signals or one ILS receiver need be provided. Equipment provided to receive signals en route may be used to receive signals on approach, if it is capable of receiving both signals.
(b) In the case of operation on routes using procedures based on automatic direction finding. only one automatic direction finding system need be installed: Provided. That ground facilities are so located and the airplane is so fueled that, in case of failure of the automatic direction finding equipment, the flight may proceed safely to a suitable airport which has ground radio navigational facilities whose signals may be received by the use of the remaining airplane radio systems.
(c) During the period of transition from low frequency to very high frequency radio navigational systems one means of satisfactorily receiving signals over each of these systems shall be considered as complying with the requirement that two independent systems be provided to receive en route or approach navigational facility signals: Provided. That ground facilities are so located and the airplane is so fueled that in case of failure of either system the flight may proceed safely to a suitable airport which has ground radio navigational facilities whose signals may be received by use of the remaining airplane radio system.
MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS
§40.240 Responsibility for maintenance. Irrespective of whether the air carrier has made arrangements with any other person for the performance of maintenance and impaction functions. each air carrier shall have the primary responsibility for the airworthiness of its airplanes and required equipment.
§ 40.241 Maintenance and inspection requirements. (a) The air carrier or the person with whom arrangements have been made for the performance of maintenance and impaction functions shall establish an adequate inspection organization responsible for determining that workmanship, methods employed: and material used are in conformity with the requirements of the regulations of this subchapter, with accepted standards and good practices. and that any airframe, engine, propeller, or appliance released for flight is airworthy.
(b) Any individual who is directly in charge of inspection, maintenance. overhaul, or repair of any airframe, engine, propeller, or appliance shall hold an appropriate license or airman certificate.
§ 40.242 Maintenance and inspection training program. The air carrier, or the person with whom arrangements have been made for the performance of maintenance and inspection functions, shall establish and maintain a training program to insure that all maintenance and inspection personnel charged with determining the adequacy of work performed are fully informed with respect to all procedures and techniques and with new equipment introduced into service, and are competent, to perform their duties.
§ 40.243 Maintenance and inspection personnel duty time limitations. All maintenance and inspection personnel shall be relieved of all duty for a period of at least 24 consecutive hours during any 7 consecutive days.
AIRMAN AND CREW WEB REQUIREMENTS
§ 40.260 Utilization of airman. No air carrier shall utilize an individual as an airman unless he holds a valid appropriate airman certificate issued by the Administrator and is otherwise qualified for the particular operation in which he is to be utilized.
§ 40.261 Composition of flight crew. (a) No air carrier shall operate an airplane with less than the minimum flight
