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crew specified in the airworthiness certificate for the type of airplane and required in this part for the type of operation.
(b) Where the provisions of this part require the performance of two or more functions for which an airman certificate is necessary, such requirement shall not be satisfied by the performance of multiple functions at the same time by any airman.
(c) Where the air carrier is authorized to operate under instrument conditions or operates airplanes of 12,500 pounds or more maximum certificated weight, the minimum pilot crew shall be 2 pilots.
(d) On flights requiring a flight engineer, at least one other flight crew member shall be sufficiently qualified, so that in the event of illness or other incapacity, emergency coverage can be provided for that function for the safe completion of the flight. A pilot need not hold a flight engineer certificate to function in the capaicity of a flight engineer for emergency conditions only.
§ 40.263 Flight engineer. An airman holding a valid flight engineer certificate shall be required on all airplanes certificated for more than 30,000 pounds maximum certificated take-off weight. Such airman shall also be required on all four-engine airplanes certificated for more than 30,000 pounds maximum certificated take-off weight where the Administrator finds that the design of the airplane used or the type of operation is such as to require engineer personnel for the safe operation of the airplane.
§ 40.265 Flight attendant. At least one flight attendant shall be provided by the air carrier on all flights carrying passengers in airplanes of 10-passenger capacity or more.
§ 40.266 Aircraft dispatcher. Each air carrier shall provide an adequate number of qualified dispatchers at each dispatch center to insure the proper operational control of each flight.
TRAINING PROGRAM
§ 40.280 Training requirements. (a) Each air carrier shall establish a training program sufficient to insure that each crew member and dispatcher used by the air carrier is adequately trained to perform the duties to which he is to be assigned. The initial training phases shall be satisfactorily completed prior to serving in scheduled operations.
(b) Each air carrier shall be responsible for providing adequate ground and flight training facilities and properly qualified instructors. There also shall be provided for flight checking a sufficient number of check airmen holding the same airman certificates and ratings as are required for the airman being checked.
(c) The training program for each flight crew member shall consist of appropriate ground and flight training including proper flight crew co-ordination. Procedures for each flight crew function shall be standardized to the extent that each flight crew member will know the functions for which he is responsible and the relation of those functions to those of other flight crew members, The initial program shall include at least the appropriate requirements specified in §§ 40.281 through 40.236.
(d) The crew member emergency procedures training program shall include at least the requirements specified in § 40.286.
(e) The appropriate instructor, supervisor, or check airman responsible for the particular training or flight check shall certify to the proficiency of each crew member and dispatcher upon completion of his training, and such certification shall become a part of the individual's record.
§ 40.281 Initial pilot ground training. Ground training for all pilots shall include instruction in at least the following:
(a) The appropriate provisions of the air carrier operations specifications and appropriate provisions of the regulations of this subchapter with particular emphasis on the operation and dispatching rules and airplane operating limitations;
(b) Dispatch procedures and appropriate contents of the manuals;
(c) The duties and responsibilities of crew members;
(d) The type of airplane to be flown, including a study of the airplane, engines, all major components and systems, performance limitations, standard and emergency operating procedures, and appropriate contents of the approved Airplane Flight Manual;
(e) The principles and methods of determining weight and balance limitations for take-oft and landing;
(f) Navigation and use of appropriate aids to navigation, including the instrument approach facilities and procedures which the air carrier is authorized to use;
(g) Airport and airways traffic control systems and procedures, and ground control letdown procedures if pertinent to the operation.
(h) Meteorology sufficient to insure a practical knowledge of the principles of icing, fog, thunderstorms, and frontal systems.
(i) Procedures for operation in turbulent air and during periods of ice, hail, thunderstorms, and other potentially hazardous meteorological conditions.
§ 40.282 Initial pilot flight training. (a) Flight training for all pilots shall include at least take-offs and landings, during day and night, and normal and emergency flight maneuvers in each type of airplane to be flown by him in scheduled operations, and flight under simulated instrument flight conditions.
(b) Flight training for a pilot qualifying to serve as pilot in command shall include flight instruction and practice in at least the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) In each type of airplane to be flown by him in Scheduled operations:
(i) At the authorized maximum take-off Weight, take-off using maximum take-off power with simulated failure of the critical engine. For transport category airplanes the simulated engine failure shall be accomplished as closely as possible to the critical engine failure speed (), and climb-out shall be accomplished at a speed as close as possible to the take-off safety speed (). Each pilot shall ascertain the proper values for speeds and
(ii) At the authorized maximum landing weight, flight in a four-engine airplane, where appropriate, with the most critical combinations of two engines inoperative, or operating at zero thrust, utilizing appropriate climb speeds as set forth in the Airplane Flight Manual;
(iii) At the authorized maximum landing weight, simulated pull-out from the landing and approach configurations accomplished at a safe altitude with the critical engine inoperative or operating at zero thrust:
(iv) Suitable combinations of airplane weight and power less than those specified in subdivisions (1), (ii), and (iii) of this subparagraph may be employed if the performance capabilities of the airplane under the above conditions are simulated.
(2) Conduct of flight under simulated instrument conditions, utilizing all types of navigational facilities and the letdown procedures used in normal operations. If a particular type of facility is not available in the training area, such training may be accomplished in a synthetic trainer.
§ 40.284 Initial flight engineer training. (a) The training for flight engineers shall include at least paragraphs (a) through (c) of § 40.281.
(b) Flight engineers shall be given sufficient training in flight to become proficient in those duties assigned them by the air carrier. Except for emergency procedures, this training may be accomplished during scheduled flight under the supervision of a qualified flight engineer.
§40.286 Initial crew member emergency training. (a) The training in emergency procedures shall be designed to give each crew member appropriate individual instruction in all emergency procedures, including assignments in the event of an emergency, and proper coordination between crew members. At least the following subjects as appropriate to the individual crew member shall be taught: The procedures to be followed in the event of the failure of an engine, or engines, or other airplane components or systems, emergency decompression, fire in the air or on the ground, ditching, evacuation, the location and operation of all emergency equipment, and power setting for maximum endurance and maximum range.
(b) Synthetic trainers may be used for training of crew members in emergency procedures where the trainers sufficiently simulate flight operating emergency conditions for the equipment to be used.
§ 40.283 Initial aircraft dispatcher training. (a) The training program for aircraft dispatchers shall provide for training in their duties and responsibilities and shall include a study of the flight operation procedures, air traffic control procedures, the performance of
