ABBEY, HENRY EUGENE, an American operatic manager; born in Akron, O., June 27, 1846; was engaged for several years in theatrical, and, from 1883, in operatic management, producing Italian and German operas with the most distinguished singers of the day. He died in 1896.
ABBOT, the superior of a monastery of monks erected into an abbey or priory, the principal distinction observed between abbots are those of regular and commendatory. The former take the vow and wear the habit of their order: whereas the latter are seculars, who have received tonsure, but are obliged by their bulls to take orders when of prefer age. Other distinctions also arose among abbots when abbeys were flourishing in Europe; as, mitered, those privileged to wear the miter and exercise episcopal authority within their respective precincts; crosiered, so named from their carrying the crosier, or pastoral staff; ecumenical, such as exercised universal dominion; and cardinal, from their superiority over all others.
ABBOTSFORD, the home of Sir Walter Scott, situated on the S. bank of the Tweed, and a few miles above Melrose. It takes its name from a ford formerly used by the monks of Melrose.
ABBOTT, ALEXANDER CREVER, an American hygienist, born in Baltimore, Md., Feb. 20, 1860; was educated at the University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, and the universities of Munich and Berlin. He is a member of numerous scientific societies, and, since 1897, has been Professor of Hygiene and director of the laboratory of hygiene in the University of Pennsylvania.
ABBOTT, BENJAMIN VAUGHAN, an American lawyer and legal writer, born in Boston, Mass., June 4, 1830. He published a number of able works on legal subjects, among them a revision of the United States Statutes. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 17, 1890.
ABBOTT, CHARLES GREELEY, an American astrophysicist, born in Wilton, N. H., in 1872. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894 and in the following year joined the staff of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, of which institution he became director in 1907. He is a member of many astronomical and other scientific societies, and has done valuable research work in connection with solar phenomena. He published "The Sun" (1911).
ABBOTT, EMMA, American dramatic soprano, born in Chicago, Ill., in December, 1849. She sang in opera with great success. She died in Salt Lake City, Utah, Jan. 5, 1891.
ABBOTT, JACOB, an American writer, born in Hallowell, Me., Nov. 14, 1803. His works, comprising over 200 titles, chiefly of stories for the young, were widely read in his own day. Among the best known are "The Rollo Books" (28 vols.); "The Franconia Stories" (10 vols.); "The Marco Paul Series" (6 vols.). He died in Farmington, Me., Oct. 31, 1879.
ABBOTT, LYMAN, an American clergyman, born at Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 18, 1835. At first a lawyer, he was ordained minister of the Congregational
LYMAN ABBOTT
Church in 1860. After a pastorate of five years, in Indiana, he went to New York, and rose rapidly to distinction through his contribution to periodical literature. He was pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, in 1888-1898, being the immediate successor of Henry Ward Beecher. He was associated with Mr. Beecher in the editorship of the "Christian Union," and in 1893 became editor of "The Outlook," formerly the "Christian Union." His writings include "Jesus of Nazareth" (1869); a "Life of Henry Ward Beecher" (1903); "In Aid of Faith" (1886); "Christianity and Social Problems" (1896); "Life and Letters of Paul" (1898); "The Rights of Man" (1901); "The Great Companion" (1904);
