ABUNDELIAN MARBLES 288 ARYAN RACE Chancellor of England and Archbishop of Canterbury. He concerted with Bo- lingbroke to deliver the nation from the oppression of Richard II., and was a bitter persecutor of the Lollards and followers of Wyclif. ARUNDELIAN MARBLES, a series of ancient sculptured marbles discovered by William Petty, who explored the ruins of Greece at the expense of and for Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, who lived in the time of James I. and Charles I. After the Restoration they were presented by the grandson of the collector to the University of Oxford. Among them is the "Parian Chronicle," a chronological account of the principal events in Grecian, and particularly in Athenian, history, during a period of 1318 years, from the reign of Cecrops (1450 B. c.) to the archonship of Diog- netus (264 B. C). ARUNDEL SOCIETY, a society in- stituted in London in 1848 for promot- ing the knowledge of art by the publi- cation of fac-similes and photographs. It was discontinued in 1897, but revived in 1904 under the name of Arundel Club. ARUNDO, a Linnsean genus of grasses. One species (A. donax) sup- plies material for fishing-rods, and is imported for the purpose from the S. of Europe, where it is indigenous. The striped-leaved variety, formerly more common than it now is in gardens, is called gardener's garters. ARUSPICES (a-rus'pe-sez) , or HA- RTJSPICES, a class of priests in ancient Rome, of Etrurian origin, whose busi- ness was to inspect the entrails of vic- tims killed in sacrifice, and by them to foretell future events. ARTJWIMI (ar-o'e-me), a large river of equatorial Africa, a tributary of the Kongo, which it enters from the N. ARVAL BROTHERS (fratres arvales), a college or company of 12 members elected for life from the high- est ranks in ancient Rome, so called from offering annually public sacrifices for the fertility of the fields. ARYAN, in general language, pertain- ing to the old race speaking the prime- val Aryan tongue, or any of the numer- ous forms of speech which have sprung from it. The ancestors of most modern Europeans lived together as one people, speaking the primeval Aryan tongue, in central Asia, and apparently near the Pamir steppe. In a_ special sense, the Aryan race which invaded India at a period of re- mote antiquity, possibly 1700 B. C.,. and still remains the dominant Hindu raco there. ARYAN LANGUAGES, a great family of languages, sometimes, though rarely, and not quite accurately, called Japhet- ic; more frequently designated as the Indo-European or Indo-Germanic family of tongues. They have reached a high* er development than those of the second great family, the Semitic, the better described as the Syro-Arabian family, and are far in advance of the next one — that comprising the Turanian tongues. Like the Syro-Arabian forms of speech, they are inflectional; while those of Turanian origin are only agglutinate. Max Miiller separates the Aryan family of languages primarily into a southern and a northern division. The former is subdivided into two classes: (1) The Indie and (2) the Iranic; and the latter into six: (1) the Celtic; (2) the Italic; (3) the Illyric; (4) the Hellenic; (5) the Windic; and (6) the Teutonic. It is often said that Sanskrit, spoken by the old Brahmins, is the root of all these classes of tongues. As an illustration of the afiinity among the Aryan tongues, take the common word daughter. It is in Swedish, dotter; Danish, datter; Dutch, dochter; German, tochter; Old Hebrew German, tohtar; Gothic, dauh- tar; Lithuanian, duktere; Greek, thyg- ater; Armenian, dustr; Sanskrit, duhi- tri; the last-named word signifying, primarily, "milkmaid," that being the function, in the early Brahman or Aryan household, which the daughter discharged. ARYAN RACE, a designation, since about 1845, of the ethnological division of mankind otherwise called Indo-Euro- pean or Indo-Germanic. That division consists of two branches geographically separated, an eastern and western. The western branch comprehends the inhab- itants of Europe, with the exception of the Turks, the Magyars of Hungary, the Basques of the Pyrenees, and the Finns of Lapland; the eastern compre- hends the inhabitants of Armenia, of Persia, of Afghanistan, and of northern Hindustan. The evidence on which a family relation has been established among these nations is that of language, and from a multitude of details it has been proven that the original mother tongue of all these peoples was the same. It is supposed that the Aryan nations were at first located somewhere in cen- tral Asia, probably E. of the Caspian, and N. of the Hindu Kush and Paro- pamisan Mountains. From this center successive migrations took place to-
