BONN 107 BONNEVAL on the Rhone, and in 1513 became prior of St. Victor at Geneva. Falling under the suspicion of the Duke of Savoy, he was taken prisoner by him in 1519. After 20 months' imprisonment he was set free, but in 1530 he was again seized, and taken to the castle of Chillon, Lake of Geneva, where he was imprisoned for six years, the last four in that subterranean vault which the genius of Byron has made famous by his poem. He died in 1570. His chief works are his "Chro- niques de Geneve" (1551; new ed., 2 vols., 1831), and "De I'Ancienne et Nouvelle Police de Geneve" (1555). BONN, a German town in the Rhenish province of Prussia, beautifully situated on the left bank of the Rhine. It has some trade and manufactures, but is chiefly important for its famous univer- sity, founded in 1777 by Elector Maxi- milian Frederick of Cologne, and for its cathedral, which has a crypt of the 11th century and mediasval wall paintings. Enlarged and amply endowed by the King of Prussia, in 1818, the university is now one of the chief seats of learning in Europe, with a library of more than 300,000 volumes, an anatomical hall, min- eralogical and zoological collections, mu- seum of antiquities, a botanical garden, etc. Beethoven was born hei'e. Bonn was long the residence of the Electors of Cologne; in 1794 the French took posses- sion of the town, but it finally passed into the hands of Prussia by the arrangements of the Congress of Vienna, in 1815. Pop. about 88,000. BONNER, EDMUND, an English prel- ate of infamous notoriety, was born about 1495, of obscure parentage. He took a doctor's degree at Oxford, in 15^25, and, attracting the notice of Cardinal Wolsey, received from him several offices in the church. On the death of Wolsey he acquired the favor of Henry VIII., who made him one of his chaplains, and sent him to Rome to advocate his divorce from Queen Catharine. In 1540 he was consecrated Bishop of London, but on the death of Henry (1547), having refused to take the oath of supremacy, he was deprived of his see and thrown into prison. On the accession of Mary he was restored to his bishopric, and he distin- guished himself during this reign by a persecution of the Protestants," 200 of whom he was instrumental in bringing to the stake. After Elizabeth succeeded he remained unmolested until his refusal to take the oath of supremacv, on which he was committed to the Marshalsea (1560), where he remained a prisoner until his death in 1569. BONNER, ROBERT, an American publisher, born near Londonderry, Ire- land, April 28, 1824. He came to the United States in early youth, and learned the trade of a printer. In 1844 he re- moved to New York, and, in 1851, pur- chased the "Ledger," then an insignifi- cant paper. By energy and talent he made it remarkably successful, adding to its reputation by securing the contribu- tions of Fanny Fern, Edward Everett, Henry Ward Beecher, and other eminent persons. He became very wealthy, and gratified his taste for fast horses by pur- chasing the most celebrated trotters in the world. Among them were "Dexter" and "Maud S." He made large gifts of money to Princeton University and was widely known for his many benefactions. He died in New York City, July 6, 1899. BONNET, a head dress; a dress or covering for the head worn by women; a cap or head covering, much used before the introduction of hats, and still worn by the Scotch Highlanders. In fortification, the elevation of the parapet about the salient angle of a bastion or ravelin above the general level of the work. The name is also given in permanent defensive works to a little out- work with two faces, forming a salient angle, intended to protect the angle of a ravelin, the faces of which are defended by tenaillons or lunettes. An outwoi'k of a similar kind, used in field fortification, having three salient angles instead of one, is called a bonnet de pretre, or priest's bonnet. In mechanics, a cast iron plate to cover the opening in the valve chamber of a pump ; the opening is made so that ready access can be had when the valves need repairing; also a frame work of wire net- ting over the smoke stack, or chimney, of a steam locomotive, to prevent the escape of sparks; also the cover to the motor of an automobile. In navigation an additional piece of canvas attached to the foot of a jib, or to a schooner's foresail, by lacings, and taken off in bad weather. BONNEVAL (bon-val'), CLAUDE ALEXANDRE, COUNT, a singular ad- venturer, born in 1675 of an illustrious French family. In the war of the Span- ish Succession he obtained a regiment, and distinguished himself by his valor as well as by his excesses. On his return to France he was obliged to fly in conse- quence of some expressions against the Minister and Madame de Maintenon. Re- ceived into the service of Prince Eugene he now fought against his native coun- try, and was raised, in 1716, to the raaik
