BONNEVILLE 108 BOOK • of Lieutenant Field Marshal in the Aus- trian service, and distinguished himself against the Turks at Peterwardein. But his reckless and impatient spirit brought him into conflict with his superiors, and he took refuge in Constantinople. He was converted to Mohammedanism, named Achmet, was made a pasha of three tails, and, as general of a division of the army, achieved some considerable successes against Russians and Austrians. He died in 1747. BONNEVILLE, LAKE, a lake that once filled a now desert basin of Utah; at its greatest dimensions had an area of 30,000 square miles, and was 1,000 feet deep. BONSAL, STEPHEN, an American journalist, born in Baltimore in 1865. He was educated at Concord and Heidelberg. In the Bulgarian-Serbian War he was special correspondent of the New York "Herald," serving in the same capacity in Macedonia and Cuba. He has been Secretary of Legation of the United States in Pekin, Madrid, Tokio, and Korea. He was secretary to the governor of Porto Rico in 1913, and served in vari- ous capacities in Mexico and the Philip- pines in the years following. In 1917 he was appointed a Major in the National Army, and saw service in France. He was intrusted with special missions to Austria and Bohemia in 1919. He has written "The Real Condition of Cuba"; "The Fight for Santiago," etc. BONTEBOK, the pied antelope alcela- phus pygarga), an antelope of South Africa, with white markings on the face, allied to the blesbok. BONY PIKES, a recent fish, genus lepidosteus, of great interest from its be- ing of the order ganoidei, of which nearly all the species are extinct. It be- longs to the sub-order holostex, and the family lepidosteidse. Among other pecu- liarities the bony pikes have the antique pattern of heterocercal tail, so common in the Old Red Sandstone period. They inhabit the rivers and lakes of temperate and tropical America, some of them growmg 3 feet in length, and are used tor food. Called also gar pikes. BONZE, the name given by the Portu- guese to any member of the Buddhist priesthood in Japan. Thence the name spread to the priests of the same faith in China and the adjacent regions. BOOBY, a name for a natatorial bird, the soland (t. e., solent), or channel goose, sula bassana. It is of the family peKcanidx. These birds are found, as their specific Latin name imports, on the Bass rock, in the Frith of Forth, Scot- land. They exist also in other places. BOOK, the general name applied to a printed volume. Printed matter occupies both sides of a certain number of leaves of paper, which are so arranged that, be' ginning at the upper end of the left side of the first page, one may proceed with- out dislocation of thought always from left to right till he reach the lower end of the last page. The first page, or recto, of the first leaf or folio, is technically known as a bastard or half title page ; the next page, or verso, of the first folio is left blank. Then follows the title page proper, usually with a blank page at the back. In many books there intervenes a preface or introduction, a dedication, and a table of contents before the main body of the book begins. If any portion of the book has got out of its place^ there are two ways by which the true order can be discovered. At the outer comer, or in the center above the reading matter, of each page is a number — 1, 2, 3, etc.; this is the pagination or numerical order of pages. At the bottom of certain pages are numbers, 8, 16 and 32 numbers apart, which show the first page of the printed sheet of paper after it has been folded into 8, 16 or 32 pages. A, B, etc., are often used for numerals; and if the book goes beyond the number of letters in the alphabet, the series is continued — AA, BB, etc., or 2A, 2B, etc. To vmderstand the historic origin of this normal modern book, one must go back to a remote antiquity. The word "book" itself (Saxon hoc, German, huch, Dutch, hoek) appears originally in Gothic as a plural noun meaning primarily, as is generally believed, the runes inscribed on the bark of separate branches of the beech tree (Saxon, hoc, German, buche, Dutch, beuke) for the purposes of divina- tion, etc. Liber, the Latin equivalent (which has been adopted by all the Ro- mance and Celtic tongues — French, livre, Italian, libro, Gaelic leabhar, Welsh, leor — and is the source of our English word library), properly meant bark, and was applied to prepared papyrus tissue from its barklike appearance. The Greek biblia, in like manner, is associated with byblos — i. e., papyrus. As is now well known, the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians had a wide and varied literature. This was pre- served in two ways; either painted on the leaves of the papyrus which grew in abundance on the banks of the Euphrates, or impressed on clay shaped into tablets or cylinders. The oldest Egyptian vol- ume still extant (in a sense the oldest
