BOUGIE 132 BOULDER 1834. His parents came to the United States in 1839, and settled in Albany. He studied art without a master, and, in 1853, went to London and Paris to con- tinue his studies. Since 1861, he has resided in London. His best pictures are "The Idyl of the Birds," "The Scarlet Letter," "Puritans Going to Church," and "The Return of the May Flowers." He was a National Academician, and an As- sociate of the Royal Academy. He died Jan. 19, 1905. BOUGIE (bo-zhe), a port of Algeria, on the Bay of Bougie, 120 miles E. of Algiers. Bougie was the Saldae of the Romans, and, in the 5th century, was a chief seat of the Vandals; under the Arabs it was raised to such importance that it was called Little Mecca, and was the entrepot of the trade between Chris- tendom and north Africa ; but after vari- ous vicissitudes, it had sunk to a small village in 1833, when the French cap- tured the place. Their extensive works have since rendered it a strong fortress, and a commercial center of some value. Pop. about 19,000. BOUGIE, a smooth, flexible, elastic, slender cylinder, designed to be intro- duced into the urethra, rectum or oeso- phagus, in order to open or dilate it in cases of stricture or other diseases. It is formed either solid or hollow, and is sometimes medicated. An armed bougie is one with a piece of caustic fixed at its extremity. When an instrument such as is described supra is made of metal and is inflexible it is called a catheter or sound — the former if hollow and the latter if solid. BOUGUEREAU, WILLIAM ADOLPHE (bog-ro'), a French painter, born in La Rochelle, Nov. 30, 1825. After a youth of hardship courageously endured he succeeded in reaching Paris, where he was educated at the studio of Picot, and at the Beaux Arts. In 1850 he gained the Prix de Rome, and went to Italy to study. His first great success was "The Body of St. Cecilia Borne to the Catacombs" in the Salon of 1854. He painted portraits occasionally, but his subjects are chiefly ideal, idyllic and re- ligious. He was a thorough draftsman, and excelled in the painting of flesh. He died Aug. 20, 1905. BOUILLE (bo-ya'), FIIAN9OIS CLAUDE AMOUR, MARQUIS DE, a French general, born in Cluzel, Nov. 19, 1739; entered the army at the age of 14 and served with distinction in Germany during the Seven Years' War. In 1768 he was appointed governor of the island of Guadeloupe, and afterward comman- der-in-chief of all the French forces in the West Indies. When war broke out in 1778, he successively took from the British, Dominica, Tobago, St. Eu- stache, Saba, St. Martin, St. Christo- pher's, and Nevis. Louis XVI. nominated him a member of the Assembly of No- tables in 1787-1788; in 1790 he was made commander-in-chief of the army of the Meuse, the Saar, and the Moselle. For his share in the attempted escape ot" Louis XVI. he had to flee from France. In 1791 he entered into the service of Gustavus III., of Sweden, and after- ward served in the corps of the Prince of Conde. He rejected a proposal, made in 1793, that he should take the chief command in La Vendee; and went to England, where he wrote his Me- moires sur la Revolution Fran^aise." He died in London, Nov. 14, 1800. BOUILLON (bo-yon), originally a German duchy, now a district in Bel- gium, 9 miles wide and 18 long, on the border of Lvixembourg, a woody and mountainous tract. Pop. about 23,000. The small town of Bouillon was once the capital of the duchy, which belonged to the famous Crusader, Godfrey of Bouil- lon. BOULAK, a town of Lower Egypt, a suburb and port of Cairo. It has cot- ton, sugar, and paper factories. Pop. 10,000. BOULANGER, GEORGES ERNEST JEAN MARIE (bo-lan-zha'), a French soldier, born in Rennes, April 29, 1837. After a successful career in Algeria and in the East he became Minister of War in 1886. He introduced many needful reforms, insisted on the adop- tion of a repeating rifle and caused im- portant experiments to be made with high explosives. In the ministerial cri- sis of 1887 he lost his portfolio, and was appointed to the command of the 13th Army Corps, but was retired March 28, 1888. In January, 1889, he was elected Deputy to the National Assembly by 81,- 000 majority, in consequence of which the Floquet ministry resigned. In Au- gust, 1889, he was charged with embez- zlement, treason and conspiracy, and found guilty by the Senate. He killed himself in Brussels, Sept. 30, 1891. BOULDER, city and county-seat of Boulder co., Col., on Boulder Creek and the Union Pacific and other railroads; 29 miles N. W. of Denver, the State cap- ital. It is in a noted gold, silver, and coal mining and an agricultural and stock raising region, at the E. base of the Rocky Mountains. It received a city
