BUCKWHEAT 219 BUDAPEST thorn, again, has dark purple purgative berries, which, in an unripe state, dye wool green and yellow, and when ripe bluish gray, blue, and green. The bark dyes yellow, and, with iron, black. Of the foreign species, the berries of the rock buckthorn, or R. saxatilis, are used to dye the Maroquin, or Morocco leather, yellow, while the leaves of the tea buckthorn, R. thezans, are used by poor people in China as a substitute for tea. The species best known to the pharmacopoeia of this country is the R. pursMana, otherwise called cascara sagrada. BTJCKWHEAT, a plant, the polyonum fagopyrum. In the United States its flour is extensively used as a breakfast dish in the shape of buckwheat cakes. Its native country is Asia, where it is extensively cultivated as a bread corn. In Europe its flour is employed in the making of bread, cakes, etc., and its seeds for feeding horses and poultry. The total acreage in the United States for 1919 was 790,000, about 34,000 less than the 5 year average acreage (1913- 1917), producing 16,301,000 bu. and valued at over $24,000,000. BTJCKWHEAT TREE, the English name of mylocarpum, a genus of plants belonging to the order ericacex (heath- worts). The privet-like buckwheat tree, mylocarpum ligust')-mum, is a native of Georgia. BUCOLIC, a term derived from the Greek, "belonging to herdsmen," nearly e^ual to pastoral, from Latin. It is espe- cially used of a kind of pastoral poetry. The great bucolic poets were Theocritus. Bion, Moschus; and Vergil's "Eclogues" are sometimes called Bucolica. BUCYRUS, a city of Ohio, the county- seat of Crawford co. It is on the San- dusky river, and on the Columbus, San- dusky, and Hocking, the Toledo and Ohio Central, the New York Central, and the Pennsylvania railroads. It is the center of an important agricultural and stock-raising region. It has also important industries, including the manufacture of clay-working machinery, locomotive cranes, steam shovels, auto- mobile and gas engines, plows, carriages and wagons, etc. The city has a hand- some park, fine county buildings, a public library, and a hospital. Pop. (1910) 8,122; (1920) 10,425. BUD, the name of bodies of various form and structure, which develop upon plants, and contain the rudiments of future organs, as stems, branches, leaves, and organs of fructification. Upon exogenous plants they are in their commencement cellular prolongations from the medullary rays, which force their way through the bark. In general, a single bud is developed each year in the axil of each leaf, and there is one terminating the branch called a ter- minal bud. The life of the plant dur- ing winter is stored up in the bud as in an embryo, and it is by its vital ac- tion that on the return of spring the flow of sap from the roots is stimulated to renewed activity. Buds are dis- tinguished into leaf buds and flower buds. The latter are produced in the axil of leaves called floral leaves or bracts. The terminal bud of a branch is usually a flower bud, and as cultivation IS capable of producing flower buds in place of leaf buds, the one is probably a modification of the other. BUD^US (bu-de'us), (the Latinized form of GuiLLAUME Bude), a French scholar; born in Paris in 1467. His works on philology, philosophy, and jurisprudence display extensive learn- ing, the two best known being the "De Asse et Fartibus ejus" (1514), which contains a very thorough investigation into ancient coins, and the "Commentarii Linguae Graecae" (1519), the basis of all subsequent works in this department. His abilities were manifested not only in literature, but in public business. Louis XII. twice sent him to Rome, and Francis I. also employed him in several negotiations. At Budasus' suggestion, Francis founded the College de France and the library at Fontainebleau, the basis of the Bibliotheque Nationale, and was also persuaded to refrain from pro- hibiting printing, which the bigoted Sorbonne had advised in 1533. He was royal librarian at the time of his death, Aug. 23, 1540. BUDAPEST (bo'da-pest), the official name of the united towns of Pest and Buda, or Ofen, the one on the right, the other on the left, of the Danube, form- ing the capital of Hungary. Buda, which is the smaller of the two, and lies on the W. bank of the river, consists of the fortified Upper Town on a hill; the Lower Town, or Wasserstadt, at the foot of the hill, and several other dis- tricts. Among the chief buildings are the former royal castle and several palaces, the arsenal, town hall, Govern- ment offices, etc., and a very handsome Jewish synagogue. The mineral baths of Buda have long been famous, the Bruck- bad and Kaiserbad having both been used by the Romans. Pest, or the por- tion of Budapest on the left or E. l^nk of the river, is formed by the inner town of Old Pest on the Danube, about which has grown a semi-circle of dis-
