CHATHAM 440 CHATTANOOGA naval and military establishments at the American colonies, and undertook Brompton in its immediate vicinity. The the same year to form an administration, royal dockyard vi^as founded by Queen he going to the House of Lords as Earl Elizabeth previous to the sailing of the Armada. It has been greatly enlarged in recent times, and has now capacious docks, in virhich the heaviest warships can be equipped and sent directly to sea. Building-slips, sawmills, metal-mills, etc., and all the requisites of a great naval station are here on the largest scale and in the finest order. The military estab- lishments include extensive barracks, ar- senal, and park of artillery, hospital, store-houses and magazines, etc. The town is poorly built, but is defended by a strong line of fortifications which also serve as a flank defense. Pop. about 45,000. CHATHAM, a town of Ontario, Canada, on the Thames; 67 miles S. W. of London, with a number of flour, wool, and steel mills and foundries, sugar, automobile, carriage, metal, cement, packing, tobacco, fertilizer plants, etc., and an active trade in grain, pork, and wood. Pop. about 15,000. Also a port of entry in the N. of New Brunswick, on the Miramichi, 6 miles N. E. of New- castle, with a good harbor, shipyards, foundries, and other industries, a Cath- olic cathedral, and a college. Pop. about 5,000. CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF, an English statesman, the son of Robert Pitt of Boconnoc, in Cornwall; born Nov. 15, 1708, and educated at Eton and Oxford. He entered Parliament and soon attracted notice as a powerful op- ponent of Walpole. In spite of the King's dislike Pitt was powerful enough to win a place in the administration (1746). In 1756 he became Secretary of State and real head of the govern- ment. Dismissed in 1757 on account of his opposition to the King's Hanoverian policy, no stable administration could be formed without him, and he returned to power the same year in conjunction vdth the Duke of Newcastle. It was under this administration and entirely under th? inspiration of Pitt that Great Britain rose to a place among the nations she had not before occupied. Wolfe and Clive, both stimulated and supported in their great designs by Pitt, won Canada and India from the French, and the sup of Chatham. But the ministry was not a success, and in 1768 he resigned. Af- ter this his principal work was his un- successful appeals for a conciliatory policy toward the colonies. Chatham died May 11, 1778. CHATHAM ISLAND, one of the Galapagos archipelago, in the Pacific Ocean; 600 miles W. of Ecuador, to which it belongs. It is of volcanic origin, ; the fifth in size of the Galapagos, and abounds in turtles and a small species of cat. Chatham Island has been the subject of negotiation between the United States and Ecuador, the former desiring it as a coaling station. It would possess strategic importance _ in the event of the opening of an isthmian canal. See Galapagos. CHATHAM ISLANDS, a small group in the Pacific, Ijang 360 miles E. of New Zealand, to which they politically be- long. There are three islands — of which the largest, Chatham Island, is 25 miles long — and some rocky islets. Total area, 375 square miles; pop. (1916) 477, of whom 258 are Maoris and Morioris or aborigines. The Chatham Islands were discovered in 1791 by Lieutenant Broughton, of the brig "Chatham." A large brackish lake occupies the interior of Chatham Island, which is of volcanic origin and hilly. Stock-rearing and seal- fishing are the chief industries, and a lively trade is carried on with passing whalers. Timber of any size is unknown, so that the native canoe is merely wicker- work bound together by cordage of indi- genous flax. CHATILLON-SUR-SEINE, (sha-te- yon'-sur-sen), a town in France, depart- ment of Cote d'Or, 45 miles N. W. of Dijon, on the Seine. It is chiefly noted for the Congress of the Allied Powers and France, held here in 1814, CHATTANOOGA, city and county-seat of Hamilton co., Tenn. ; on the Tennessee river, with railroad and steamship com- munications with all southern ports. It is situated on high grounds, at the foot of Lookout Mountain, and in the midst of picturesque scenery. It is the site of a National Soldiers' Cemetery, with over port the Great Commoner gave Fred- 13,000 graves, and the Chattanooga and ■■ -- - Chickamauga National Military Park. The manufacturing interests of the city are favored by the nearby deposits of coal, iron, clay, and other minerals, and also by the hydro-electric power de- ^^o.few^.. ,.. ^.^^. .w ^.ww ..V, ^..v,we,.^ rived from the Tennessee and Ocoee riv- advocated conciliatory measures toward ers, to utilize which plants costing $15,- erick of Prussia contributed not a little to the destruction of French predom- inance in Europe. The accession of George III. brought Lord Bute into power, and Pitt, disagreeing with Bute, resigned in 1761. In 1766 he strongly
