CHATTEL 441 CHAUCEB 000,000 have been built. The Federal census of 1914 showed a capital invest- ment of $20,615,000; value of products, $19,652,000; 7,085 wage earners, and sal- aries and wages of $5,461,000. There are over 300 factories producing over 1,200 different articles. The principal manufactures are foundry and machine shop products, lumber, furniture, steel, railroad cars, shovels, and breakfast foods. Public Buildings. — The city abounds in beautiful buildings, among which are the Court house, of Tennessee marble, costing $500,000; the Hotel Patten, a million-dollar structure; the Y. W. C. A., Carnegie library, terminal station, be- sides many handsome churches. Charitable institutions include the Old Ladies' Home, Pine Breeze Tuberculosis Sanitarium, Baroness Erlanger Hos- pital, Vine Street Orphans' Home, Fran- ces Willard Working Girls' Home, and Kosmos Cottage. There are excellent schools, with an average attendance of about 10,000. The city's churches number over 120. There are two private secondary schools, besides the City High School and the Central High School. For higher educa- tion there are the University of Chat- tanooga and the Chattanooga School of Law. Banking. — Chattanooga has 11 banks, with a capital and surplus of over $6,- 000,000. The bank clearings in 1919 were $189,002,000. History. — Chattanooga was settled in 1836, and was originally called Ross's landing. It was incorporated in 1851, and in 1863 was occupied and nearly de- stroyed by the Union forces. It was the scene of three of the greatest battles of the Civil War: Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Lookout Mountain. Pop. (1910) 44,604; (1920) 57,895. CHATTEL, in the law of England, is a term used to designate any kind of prop- erty which, with reference either to the nature of the subject or the character of the interest possessed in it, is not freehold. Ownership in personal or movable property is generally absolute. Any estate or interest in lands and tene- ments not amounting to freehold is chat- tel. But as between property thus "sa- voring of realty" and mere personal movables — money, plate, cattle, and the like — there was a manifest distinction. Chattels were consequently distinguished into chattels-real and chattels-personal. These classes of property differ consid- erablv as to the method of holding and transferring them and their devolution on death. CHATTERTON, THOMAS, an English youth whose genius and melancholy fate have gained him much celebrity ; born at Bristol in 1752, of poor parents, and educated at a charity school. He ex- hibited great precocity, became extreme- ly devoted to reading, and was especially fond of old writings and documents. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to an attorney. In 1768, when the new bridge at Bristol was completed, he inserted a paper in the "Bristol Journal" entitled "A Description of the Friars' First Passing Over the Old Bridge," which he pretended he had found along with other old manuscripts in an old chest in St. Mary Redcliffe Church, Bristol. He also showed his friends several poems of sim- ilar spurious antiquity which he attrib- uted to one Rowley. In 1769 he ven- tured to write to Horace Walpole, then engaged upon his "Anecdotes of Paint- ers," giving him an account of a num- ber of old Bristol painters which was clever enough to deceive Walpole for a time. Dismissed from the attorney's office, he left with his manuscripts for London, where a favorable reception from the booksellers gave him high hopes. For them he wrote numerous pamphlets, satires, letters, etc., but got no substantial return, and his situation became daily more desperate. At last, after having been several days without food, he poisoned himself, Aug. 25, 1770. The most remarkable of his poems are those published under the name of Row- ley, spurious antiques, such as "The Tragedy of ^lla," "The Battle of Has- tings," "The Bristow Tragedy," etc. CHAUCER, GEOFFREY, "the father of English poetry"; born in London probably about 1340. He was the son of a vintner named John Chaucer. Nothing is known of his education, but in 1356-1359 he was a page to Princess Lionel. In 1359 he bore arms in France and was taken prisoner. He was ran- somed next year, the king paying $80 toward the necessary sum. In 1367 his name appeared as a valet of the king's chamber. In 1367 he received a pension of 20 marks, and between 1370 and 1380 he was employed abroad in seven diplo- matic missions. In 1374 he was ap- pointed comptroller of the customs on wool at London, a lucrative post, and he also received an annual allowance. In 1377 he was sent to Flanders and France on diplomatic business and next year to Lombardy. In 1382 he was ap- pointed comptroller of the petty cus- toms. In 1386 he was returned to Par- liament as knight of the shire for Kent, but in the same year he shared the dis- grace of his patron, John of Gaunt, was
