CHISHOLM 479 CHIVALRY CHISHOLM, a city in Minnesota, in St. Louis CO. It is on the Great North- ern, and the Duluth, Missabe, and Northern railroads. It is the center of an important agrricultural and lumber- ing region, and has large deposits of iron ore, the mining of which is the chief industry. Pop. (1910) 7,684; (1920) 9,039. CHITRAL, a small mountain state in the upper basin of the Kashkar or Ku- nar, a tributary of the Kabul river, and bordering on Kashmir and Kafiristan, is 5,200 feet above sea-level. The people are Moslems, but mostly speak a lan- guage closely akin to that of their pagan neighbors in Kafiristan. Pop. about 175,000. CHITTAGONG, a district of Hindu- stan, in the S. E. of Bengal, having the Bay of Bengal on the W.; area, 2,567 square miles; pop. about 1,750,000. The level lands, chiefly on the coast and the valleys, are very fertile. A consider- able majority of the inhabitants are Mohammedans. The city of Chittagong, chief town of the district and an im- portant port of Bengal, is on the Karna- phuli river, about 12 miles from its mouth. Though very unhealthy, its trade has been steadily increasing. Pop. about 25,000. CHITTENDEN, RTJSSELL HENRY, an American educator; born in New Ha- ven, Conn., Feb. 18, 1856. He was grad- uated at Yale in 1875, and took a course at Heidelberg. He became Professor of Physiological Chemistry at Yale in 1882, and in 1898 director of the Sheffield Sci- entific School. He was a member and at times an officer of many scientific socie- ties and, in 1919, served as United States representative on Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission at London, Paris, and Rome. He wrote "Digestive Proteolysis" and similar works. CHITTENDEN, THOMAS, an Ameri- ran colonial and State governor; born in East Guilford, Conn., Jan. 6, 1730. He was one of the pioneers of Vermont, set- tling upon the New Hampshire grants in 1774, and acquiring a fortune from his lands. In 1778 he became governor of Vermont, before its formal separation from New York was recognized. Dur- ing the Revolutionary War the British and the Continental Congress received overtures from him, his terms being rec- ognition of Vermont's statehood. He re- tired from public life in 1796 and died in Williston, Vt., Aug. 24, 1797. CHITTY, JOSEPH, an English laviryer and legal writer; born in 1776. He achieved eminence as a barrister in Lon- don, and enjoyed a large practice. His celebrity rests mainly upon his legal works, especially "Precedents in Plead- ings," "Medical Jurisprudence," "Prac- tice of Law," and others. He died in London, Feb. 17, 1843. CHIUSI (ke-os'e), a town of central Italy, province of Siena, 102 miles N. N. W. of Rome, on an olive-clad eminence in the Val di Chiana, not far from the small Lago di Chiusi. In ancient times, under the name of Clusium, it was one of the 12 republics of Etruria, and the residence of Porsenna, When Italy was overrun by the barbarians, it fell into decay, the whole valley was depopulated, and became the pestilential pool de- scribed by Dante. Since the improvement of the course of the Chiana, Chiusi has begun to flourish again along with the whole district. It is in connection with the discovery of Etruscan antiquities, however, that the place is chiefly heard of. During the 19th century immense quantities of these remains were found in the neighborhood in the grottoes that served the ancient Etruscans as tombs. They consist chiefly of sun-dried black earthenware vases, ornaments, relievos, and carved stonework, and are preserved in the museums at Chiusi and Florence. Pop. about 6,000. CHIVALRY, the uses and customs pertaining to the order of knighthood. From the 9th to the 12th century, a "miles," that is, one bearing a designa- tion which in classical times meant simjply a soldier, and in the mediaeval period a knight, was one who held land in fee from a superior, and was in con- sequence bound to render him military service. When a young man who was heir to these responsibilities came of age enough to formally pledge himself to dis- charge them honorably, a ceremony of investiture took place. The Church, as was natural and right, sought to add solemnity to the interesting event, and made the investiture of a youthful knight an imposing religious ceremony, holding up, moreover, before him a high moral and religious ideal to which he was ex- horted to aspire. Mercy to vanquished foes and purity in the youthful knight's relations to women were earnestly pressed upon him; and there was un- doubtedly more of both than if the Christian Church had not interfered. Yet withal the ages of chivalry were marked to a frightful extent by cruelty and impurity. While the Church coun- seled and poets celebrated the religious and moral elevation of the true knight, that individual himself manifested little of either; his principles and his prac-
