CHURCH GOVERNMENT 497 CHURCHILL rank of lieutenant-colonel of volunteers. In conjunction with his brother Francis he established the "Army and Navy Jour- nal" (1863), and the "Galaxy" magazine (1866), was a contributor to the "Cen- tary" and other periodicals, and wrote a notable biography of General Grant. He was a founder and the first president of The National Rifle Association. He died in New York in 1907. CHURCH GOVERNMENT, the regu- lation and ordering of spiritual matters, or those pertaining to the discipline and work of the Church. CHURCH HISTORY, the history of any church, but especially of the Chris- tian Church. See Christian Church, The. CHURCHILL, CHARLES, an Eng- lish satirical poet; born in Westminster, in February, 1731. He won his fame with "The Rosciad," a satire upon the actors of the time, in which only Garrick and some few popular actresses are praised. His capacity for ridicule was so great that "The Ghost," "The Fare- well," "The Conference," "The Author," and "The Prophecy of Famine," proved exceedingly popular. He is almost with- out a peer in his special field. He died in Boulogne, Nov. 4, 1764. CHURCHILL, JOHN, Duke of Marl- borough. See Marlborough. CHURCHILL, MARLBOROUGH, an American soldier, born in Andover, Mass., in 1878. He graduated from Har- vard University in 1900. In 1901 he was appointed 2d lieutenant of the Artillery Corps. He became captain in 1911 and major in 1917. In the same year he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Na- tional Army. He was promoted to be brigadier-general of the National Army in August of the same year. From 1912 to 1914 he was instructor at the School of Fire for Field Artillery. He served as military observer with the French armies in the field, in 1916-1917, and from April to June of the same year was executive officer of the American Mili- tary Mission to Paris. He became a mem- ber of the general staff of the A. E. F. and director of military service. He was acting chief of staff of the Army Artil- lery of the 1st Army, in 1918. He re- turned to the United States in June of the same year and was appointed chief of the military intelligence bureau, and assistant chief of staff and director of military intelligence. In 1918-1919 he was on special duty with the American Peace Commission. He received the Distin- guished Service Cross and decorations from France and Belgium, CHURCHILL. RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER, LORD, second son of the sixth Duke of Marlborough; born Feb. 13, 1849. Having entered Parliament in 1874, by 1884 he had risen to the posi- tion of a recognized leader of the Con- servative party, and in 1885 became In- dian secretary in Lord Salisbury's gov- ernment. On the defeat of Gladstone's Irish Bill in 1886 Churchill became leader of the House of Commons and Chancellor of the Exchequer, posts which he unex- pectedly resigned in December, 1886. He died in London, Jan. 24, 1895, CHURCHILL, WINSTON, an Amer- ican author; born in St. Louis, Mo., Nov, 10, 1871. He was graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1894, and became an editor of the "Army and Navy Journal" the same year. After serving as managing editor of the "Cos- mopolitan" magazine, he turned his at- tention to fiction, achieving gi-eat success with his novels "The Celebrity," "Rich- ard Carvel," "The Crisis," "The Cross- ing," "Coniston," "Mrs. Crewe's Career," "The Inside of the Cup," "A Far Coun- try," and "The Dwelling Place of Light." CHURCHILL. RT. HON. WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER, an English statesman, born at London, Nov. 30, 1874, son of Lord Randolph Churchill. He was WINSTON L. S. CHURCHILL educated at Eton and Sandhurst, and en- tered the army in 1895. He was corre- spondent with the Spanish forces in
