CHURCHILL RIVER 498 CHURUBUSCO Cuba, and afterward served in India in the Malakand and Tirah campaigns of 1898, besides being present at the battle of Omdurman on the Nile the same year. In the Boer War he acted as correspond- ent for the "Morning Post," and was taken prisoner, but escaped from Pre- toria. He was present at Spion Kop, the relief of Ladysmith, and the capture of Pretoria. In 1900 he was elected Con- servative Member for Oldham, but soon afterward became a Liberal. In 1906 he was appointed Under Secretary for the Colonies, and in 1908 President of the Board of Trade. In 1910 he became Home Secretary, and in 1911 First Lord of the Admiralty, serving until 1915. In this office incurred considerable criticism because of the fiasco at the Darda- nelles and of the sending of British forces to Antwerp. In 1916 he retired tempo- rarily from politics and joined the British troops on the western front. In 1917 he became Minister of Munitions and in 1919 Secretary of State for War and Air. He was the author of "The Malakand Field ?'orce"; "The River War"; "London to Ladysmith"; "Ian Hamilton's March"; •Lord Randolph Churchill" ; "My African Journey"; "Liberalism and the Social Problem"; etc. CHURCHILL RIVER, a river of the northwest Canada, which rises in La Crosse Lake, forms or passes through various lakes or lake-like expansions, the largest being Big or Indian Lake, and enters Hudson Bay after a N. E. course of about 900 miles. It is called also Missinippi or English river. CHURCHING OF WOMEN, a form of thanksgiving after child-birth, adopt- ed from the Jewish ceremony of purifi-' cation, and practiced still in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches, the lat- ter having a special service in the prayer book. CHURCH OF GOD, or CHURCHES OP GOD, a Christian sect which origi- nated in 1830, in a movement in which John Winebrenner, previously a minister in the German Reformed Church, was most prominent. A new society was or- ganized by him, and others who ac- cepted his views, which took the name of the Church of God. It exists prin- cipally in Pennsylvania and the West- ern States. The government of the Church of God is congregational, with a supervising church council, composed of the preachers in charge, the elders, and deacons. Associations, or conferences of churches, called elderships, meet annual- ly, and a general eldership m^ets every three years. The Church of God holds the doctrines of the Evangelical churches, with baptism by immersion only, subsequent to faith; feet-washing; the administration of the Lord's Supper in the evening; all the instrumentalities of revivals; and protests against the traffic in intoxicating drinks. The de- nomination supports several educational institutions, a publishing house at Har- risburg, Pa., and a number of mission- aries in India and in other foreign coun- tries. It has some 500 ministers, about 600 churches, and about 40,000 commu- nicants. CHURCH, STATES OF THE, or PAPAL STATES, a territory that stretched from the Po to near Naples, and in 1859 had an area of 15,774 square miles and a pop. of 3,000,000. It was divided for administrative purposes into 20 districts, including the Comarca of Rome; six legations, among them those of Bologna and Ravenna; and 13 dele- gations, including Ancona and Perugia. More general divisions were the Roma- gna, Umbria, and the March of Ancona. The war of 1859 and the popular vote of 1860 left the Pope only the comarca of Rome, the legation of Velletri, and the delegations of Civita Vecchia, Frosinone, and Viterbo, 4,493 square miles in ex- tent, with a pop. of about 700,000, the rest being united with Italy. The tem- poral power of the Popes originated in a gift of the exarchate of Ravenna by Pepin to Pope Stephen II., and it reached its greatest extent under Innocent III. (1198-1216). The withdrawal of the French garrison of Rome in 1870 led to the final downfall of the Pope's temporal power, and the restriction of the Pope's jurisdiction within the limits of the Vatican. CHURUBUSCO, BATTLE OF, fought in Mexico, Aug. 20, 1847. After the bat- tle of Contreras, fought on the same day, Santa Ana, with some 27,000 men, made a stand at this hamlet, on the river Chu- rubusco, 6 miles S. of the City of Mex- ico, to resist the advance of the United States army under General Scott. Chu- rubusco had the strongly fortified eon- vent of San Pablo and an elevated causeway with a stone bridge across the river. Generals Worth and Pillow at- tacked and carried the bridge; the con- vent, after holding out two and one-half hours, yielded to General Twiggs. Gen- eral Shields, who had been engaged on the right, joined in the pursuit, which extended nearly to the City of Mexico. Of 8,000 United States troops in the two actions there were 139 killed and 926 wounded; the Mexicans lost 4,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 prisoners, 37 guns, many small arms, and much ammuni- tion.
