CIVITA VECCHIA I federate troops paroled on the field, 248,599. Number of United States troops who died while prisoners, 30,156; Confederate troops who died while pris- oners, 30,152. CIVITA VECOH!IA(che've-ta-vek'e-a), an Italian fortified port, 50 miles N. W. of Rome, on the Mediterranean. The harbor is both a commercial and naval one, and was originally constructed by the Emperor Trajan; the town in- deed owed its origin entirely to the port of this emperor, and hence came to be known as Portus Trajani, The harbor is formed by two moles and a break- water, on which latter is a lighthouse. The place, which became a free port un- der Pope Innocent XII. in 1696, is reg- ularly visited by steamers from many Italian, French, and English ports. It suffered at the hands of the Goths and Saracens, and was occupied by the French in 1849. The Papal troops opened the gates of the fortress to the Italian general Bixio in 1870. Pop. about 18,000. CLACKMANNANSHIRE, the small- est county of Scotland, at the head of the Firth of Forth. Area, 55 square miles; pop. about 35,000. CLAIMS, COURT OF, a judicial tribunal created by an act of Congress or by legislation of the State to decide claims against the general government or against the States who authorize them. CLAIRVOYANCE, defined as the power of perceiving without the use of the organ of vision or under conditions in which the organ of vision with its natural powers alone would be useless. It comprises the sight of things past, present, or future. Various methods of Clairvoyance are recounted: by direct vision of things at a distance (opaque substances being no hindrance) ; by look- ing into a black surface; by looking into water, into a crystal, etc. ; or by laying the object to be described on the fore- head or chest of the clairvoyant; but clairvoyants now usually represent the cerebral region as the seat of illumina- tion. From remote antiquity the posses- sion of such powers by favored indi- viduals has been believed. As instances of clairvoyants in later times may be mentioned Jacob Bohme (1575-1624) and Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), the Swedish scientist and founder of the re- ligious body called "The Church of the New Jerusalem." The phenomena of Clairvoyance have been carefully ob- served.^ The clairvoyant state seems to be intimately connected with the mes- meric, the somnambulistic, and the so- CLABE, ST. called "biological." Mesmeric somnam- bulism and Clairvoyance were first brought to notice by Puysegur in 1784. The clairvoyant is usually in a state of trance, which may be induced by mes- meric passes. In this state he is some- times conscious only of his mesmerizer; in others, his Clairvoyance is unrestrict- ed; but the Clairvoyant may enter the trance state spontaneously, or he may even be in possession of his ordinary faculties. In "second-sight," as found in Denmark, parts of Germany, and es- pecially in the Highlands of Scotland, the seer is not in a state of trance simi- lar to that in other forms of Clairvoy- ance. See Psychical Research. CLAM, the popular name of certain bivalvular shell-fish of various genera and species, e, g., the thorny clam {Cliama Lazarus), the yellow clam (Tridacna crocea), the giant clam (T. gig as), the common clam of the United States {Mya arenaria), etc. The giant clam has the largest shell known, and the animal is used as food in the Pacific. The common American clam is found in gravelly mud, sand, and other soft bot- toms, especially between high and low water mark. They are largely used for bait, and are a much-relished article of food. CLAPHAM, a S. W. suburb of Lon- don, lying a mile S. of the Thames. Clapham Common is still an open com- mon of 200 acres. Clapham Junction, in Battersea parish, is one of the busiest railway junctions in the world. CLARE, a maritime county of the province of Munster, Ireland. There are extensive coal fields, fisheries, and sheep and cattle pastures. Chief town, Ennis. Area, 1,332 square miles; pop. about 100,000. CLARE, JOHN, an English poet; born in Helpstone, near Peterborough, July 13, 1793. He was an agricultural la- borer, absolutely uneducated; and wrote "Poems, Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery," in which a talent not far re- * moved from genius attains many fervent and moving effects. He died in North- ampton, May 20, 1864. CLARE, ST.. born in 1193, of a noble family of Assissi; in 1212 retired to the Portiuncula of St. Francis, and in the same year founded the order of Fran- ciscan nuns, which spread i-apidly through Europe. She died Aug. 11, 1253. Two years afterward, she was canonized by Alexander IV.; her festival falls on Aug. 12. The Nuns of the Order of St. Clara (also called the Poor Clares) at first observed the strictest Bene-
