CROFTERS 202 CROMER treated him with great cruelty, and or- dered him to be put to death. CROFTEE-S, pt;tty farmers renting a few acres of land, with sometimes the right of grazing their cattle in common on a piece of rough pasture. Crofters are numerous in the Highlands, and in the western islands of Scotland, as well as in some other localities. From many districts they have been removed owing to their holdings being absorbed in sheep farms or deer forests, and they are now mainly congregated on the seashore, where they may partly maintain them- selves by fishing. The Crofters' Act, passed in 1886j provides for security of tenure, the fixmg of a reasonable rent, compensation for improvements, enlarge- ment of buildings, etc. in New York City in 1841. From 1860 for many years she was editor of "Dem- orest's Magazine," and of other peiiod- icals. She was one of the founders of "Sorosis" and its president for 14 years, and one of the most active promoters of the Federation of Women's Clubs. She has published: "Talks on Women's Top- ics" (1863): "For Better or Worse" (1875); "Three Manuals for Work" (1885-1889); "History of the Woman's Club Movement in America" (1900), etc. She died in New York City, Dec. 23, 1901. CROME, JOHN, an English artist; born in Norwich, in 1769. During the greater part of his life he was a teacher of drawing. In 1805 he founded the Nor- wich Society of Artists, of which he be- CROCODILB CROZER, RICHARD, an American politician; born in Black Rock, Ireland, Nov. 24, 1843; came to the United States in early life. He was Alderman of New York three times, and in 1889-1890 was City Chamberlain. He became promi- nent in politics during the scandal of the Tweed ring, whose schemes he vigor- ously opposed; was from 1884 to 1903 at the head of Tammany Hall; and was long the Democratic dictator of New York State and City, and conspicuous in the National affairs of his party. In 1903 he retired to a country estate in Ireland. In 1908 he was made a freeman of Dublin. CROLY, HERBERT, an American au- thor, born in New York in 1869. He studied at the College of the City of New York and at Harvard University. From 1900 to 1906 he was editor of the "Archi- tectural Record," and from 1914 was edi- tor of the "New Republic." He was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. He wrote "Promise of American Life" (1909) • "Life of Marcus Alonzo Hanna" (1912); and "Progres- sive Democracy" (1914). CROLY, JANE (CUNNINGHAM), Widely knovm by her pen-name of "Jennie June," an American writer, wife of D. G. Croly; born in Market Har- borough, England, Dec. 19, 1831; settled came president as v.'fell as chief contrib- utor to its annual exhioitions. His high place among British landscape painters is now universally acknowledged. He died in 1821. He is sometimes called "Old Crome," to distinguish him from his son, Bemay Crome, also an artist. CROMER, EVELYN BARING, 1st EARL, a British statesman, bom in Cromer Hall, Norfolk, in 1841. He was educated at Woolwich Academy and entered the Royal Artillery at the age of 17. After filling several posts, he visited the United States during the Civil War, where he made a study of military operations. From 1872 to 1876 he was private secretary of the Earl of North- brook, who was then Governor-General of India. In 1877 he was appointed Com- missioner of the Egyptian Public Debt. His efficient service on this board at- tracted wide attention and on the abdica- tion of Ismail, the Khedive of Egypt, he was made Controller-General. After three years spent in India (1880-1883), he returned to Egypt as agent and con- sul-general. On his arrival in Egypt he found political conditions in a deplorable state. He proceeded to organize the government, placing internal conditions on a sound basis. He also reorganized the army. Through his skill in diplo- macy, he was of great assistance to Lord
