CROMLECH 203 CBOMWELL Kitchener in the conquest of Sudan. He was made a baron in 1892 and an earl in 1901. In his later years he was a minister in the diplomatic service. He took a prominent part in the neg'otiations leading up to the Anglo-French Declara- tion of April 8, 1904, by which France EARL CROMER acceded to the recognition of England's control of Egypt. Before his death he was chairman of a commission appointed to investigate the Dardanelles campaign. His published writings include ^'Staff College Essays," "The War Game," "Modem Egypt," "Ancient and Modem Imperialism," and "Political and Literary Essays," the third series of which was published in 1916. He died in 1917. CBOMLECH, an erection consisting of two or more stones standing like pillars, with a large flat, or rather a slightly inclined one, placed upon the top, so as to make the whole present a rude resemblance to a table. Two fine crom- lechs exist at Plas Newydd in Anglesea; others, less notable, are scattered through Wales; they exist also in Scotland, Jersey, Brittany, and throughout the Celtic area. Formerly they were gen- erally held to be old altars for sacrifices. Modem opinion holds them to have been sepulchers. A cromlech is called also a dolmen. Somewhat similar erections are seen in various parts of Europe, in Arabia, in India, and North and Soirth America. CROMWELL, BARTLETT JEFFER- SON, an American naval officer. Born in Georgia in 1840, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1857, graduating in the year the Civil War opened. He steadily rose in rank until in 1889 he attained the rank of captain. In 1901 he was appointed com- mander-in-chief of the South Atlantic Squadron with the rank of rear-admiral. The following year he commanded the American fleet in European waters. Placed on the retir^ list in 1902, he died June 24, 1917. CROMWELL, OLIVER, LORD PRO- TECTOR OF ENGLAND, born in Hun- tingdon, England, April 25, 1599. His father was Robert Crornwell, of a family possessed of a baronetcy, and his mother being a daughter of Sir Thomas Stewart. When 21 years old he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Thomas Bourchier, and thus, both by descent and alliance, he was a member of the higher class of country gentlemen. Though he had been elected to the brief Parliament of 1628, it was not till 1640 that he was known in the House of Commons. He had been for some years establish- ing an influence with the Puritan party, who frequented his house and bowed to his strong judgment. He showed his great business capacities in the struggle of the Long Parliament, but it was not until the Parliament raised a military force, to which he brought a troop of horse, that his powers of organization and command were fully developed. He speedily rose to authority as lieutenant- general of the horse: and when he was specially exempted from the self-deny- ing ordinance, so that he could both de- liberate in Parliament and hold command, he became the most powerful man in the country. He showed his eminent sagac- ity in constructing the army, and in- fusing into it high spirit along with stern discipline. At the oattJe of Naseby, in 1645, it was seen in the signal destruc- tion brought on the well-officered royal army how effectually he could strike with the weapon he had constructed. His mili- tary policy throughout was to despise secondary means and ends, but to invest himself with overwhelming power and crush his enemy. He saw the large share which artillery must bear in warfare, and anticipated modem generals in fostering that destructive arm. His repeated victories over the Royalists, his establish- ment of the predominance of the army over Parliament, and of the Independents over the Presbyterians; his relentless
