HUGHES 7i HUGO ing-class. In 1865 he was returned as member for Lambeth, and in 1868 for Frome. He died in Brighton, England, March 22, 1896. HUGHES, WILLIAM MORBIS, an Australian statesman. He was born in Wales in 1864, and was educated in Llandudno, and London. He went to Australia in 1884, engaged in various occupations, was elected to State Par- liament for New South Wales in 1894, became Minister for External Affairs in 1904, delegate to Imperial Navigation Conference in 1907, admitted to N. S. Wales bar and became Attorney General 1908-1909, 1910-1913, 1914-1916. He was Prime Minister since 1915, and Min- ister of Trade and Customs since 1916. During the World War he went to Brit- ain to make known the Australian atti- tude toward the conflict. He published a work on Federation of Australian States; and "The Case for Labor." HUGO, VICOMTE VICTOR MARIE (ii-go), a distinguished French poet, politician, and man of letters; born in Besangon, France, Feb. 26, 1802. His VICTOR HUGO father was a colonel in the French army. He received a classical education in a re- ligious house, and, in 1822, brought out the first volume of his "Odes and Bal- lads"; his tales "Hans of Iceland," and "Bug Jargal," were also written about this time. In 1826 he published a second volume of the "Odes and Ballads," and in 1827 he composed his drama "Crom- well." In 1829 he published his "Last Days of a Condemned Criminal." Hugo prepared a further attack on the clas- sical style of French dramatic literature in his "Hernani," first played at the Theatre Fran?ais in 1830, when it caused a scene of riotous confusion. Shortly after the revolution of July, 1830, his "Marion de Lorme," which had been suppressed by the censorship under the Restoration, was performed with suc- cess. "The King Amuses Himself" was also performed at the Theatre Fran?ais in January, 1832, but was interdicted by the Government the day after. His lyri- cal poems, "The Orientals," published in 1828, and "Autumn Leaves," which ap- peared in 1832, were received with en- thusiasm. Hugo, who published afterward a number of dramatic pieces of various merit, was, after much opposition, ad- mitted into the Academy in 1841, and was created a peer of France by Louis Philippe. In 1849 he was chosen presi- dent of the Peace Congress of which he had been a leading member. On the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, Hugo, then a member of the legislative assembly, was among those deputies who vainly at- tempted to assert the rights of the as- sembly and to propose the constitution. His conduct led to his proscription. He took refuge in the island of Jersey, and subsequently in that of Guernsey, having steadfastly refused to avail himself of the general amnesties issued in 1859 and in 1869. He wrote much after he had left France. His very trenchant satire, "Napoleon the Little," appeared at Brus- sels in 1852, and was rigorously sup- pressed in France, into which country it had been smuggled. "The Chastise- ments" was brought out in 1852, also in Brussels; and in 1856 he published, un- der the title "Contemplations," a ccllec- tion of lyrical and personal poems which are among his best performances. Hu- go's admirable romance, "Notie Dame de Paris," is known in England and the United States under the title of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame." His social romance, "Les Miserables" (The Wretch- ed), appeared in 1862. On the fall of the empire in 1870 he returned to France, was elected to the National As- sembly, but soon resigned and repaired to Brussels, whence he was expelled by the Government on account of the vio- lence of his political writings and his sympathy with the Communists. Re- turning to Paris, he was (1876) elected a senator for six years. Of his later works may be mentioned "The Man Who Laughs," "The History of a Crime," and
