are the plum, crabapple, grape, cherry, blackberry, gooseberry, strawberry, and raspberry, while the wild prairie grass is used for pasturage and for hay. The production and value of the principal crops in 1919 was as follows: corn, 416,000,000 bushels, valued at $499,200,000; oats, 196,182,000 bushels, valued at $125,556,000; wheat, 23,675,000 bushels, valued at $47,350,000; hay, 5,181,000 tons, valued at $90,149,000; potatoes, 4,945,000 bushels, valued at $9,494,000.
Manufactures.—There were in 1914 5,614 manufacturing establishments in the State, with 63,113 wage earners. The capital invested amounted to $233,127,000; and the wages paid to $39,816,000. The value of the materials used amounted to $205,451,000, and the value of the finished product to $310,750,000. The principal manufacturing places are Sioux City, noted for its flour mills; Cedar Rapids, Davenport, Dubuque, and Des Moines. The chief articles of manufacture include dairy products, agricultural implements, confectionery, clothing, flour and grist, lumber, saddlery and harness, packed meat, and tobacco.
Banking.—On Oct. 31, 1919, there were 354 National banks in operation, having $25,115,000 in capital, $20,413,200 in outstanding circulation, and $19,532,000 in United States bonds. There were also 371 State banks, with $16,634,000 capital, and $6,140,000 surplus; 23 trust and loan companies, with $4,046,000 capital and $908,000 surplus. In the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, the exchanges at the United States clearing house at Des Moines aggregated $528,019,000, an increase over the previous year of $38,325,000.
Education.—The school population of the State is about 680,000, with an average daily attendance of about 400,000. There were about 30,000 teachers with an average monthly salary for male teachers of about $90.00 and for female teachers of $80.00, Among the colleges are the State University of Iowa, at Iowa City, Cornell College, at Mount Vernon, Drake University, at Des Moines, Iowa College, at Grinnell, Luther College, at Decorah, and the Iowa Wesleyan University, at Mount Pleasant.
Churches.—The strongest denominations in the State are the Roman Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Disciples of Christ, Regular Baptist, Presbyterian, North Lutheran, Congregational, United Brethren and Friends.
Railroads.—The total railway mileage for the State in 1919 was 9,935. This includes single track line only. There has been very little construction in recent years.
Finances.—The total receipts for the biennial period 1916-18 amounted to $20,806,476, and the disbursements to $19,398,657. There was a balance on hand at the end of the year of $2,125,644. There was no bonded debt, but a net debt of about $1,300,000.
State Government.—The governor is elected for a term of two years, and receives a salary of $5,000 per annum. Legislative sessions are held biennially and are unlimited in length. The Legislature has 50 members in the Senate, and 108 in the House, There are 11 representatives in Congress. The government in 1920 was Republican.
History.—Iowa was first visited by Marquette and Joliet, the French explorers, in 1673, and the first settlement was made by Julien Dubuque and a party of 10 to work the lead mines near the present city of Dubuque. The territory including Iowa was ceded to Spain in 1763, and receded to France in 1801, and became the property of the United States by the “Louisiana Purchase” in 1803. It became a separate territory in 1838, and was admitted to the Union as a State in 1846. In 1857 occurred the Spirit Lake massacre, an Indian raid, in which about 40 settlers were killed and their homes destroyed. The State capital was formerly at Iowa City, but in 1857 was removed to Des Moines.
Charities and Corrections.—The principal charitable and correctional institutions are as follows: five state hospitals, a Soldiers' Home, a training school for boys and girls, an institution for feeble minded children and a tuberculosis sanatorium.
IOWA CITY, a city and county-seat of Johnson co., Ia.; on the Iowa river, and Cedar Rapids and Iowa City, and the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroads; 54 miles W. of Davenport. It is the seat of the State University of Iowa, the Iowa City Academy, the State Historical Society and Library; has excellent hospitals, a Masonic Temple, and other public buildings; is the farming trade center for Johnson, Cedar, and Iowa counties; has excellent power provided by the Iowa river; and has manufactories of flour, perfumery, jewelry, etc. Besides its manufacturing interests the city has an extensive meat-packing industry. Pop. (1910) 10,091; (1920) 11,267.
IOWA RIVER, a river rising in Hancock, Iowa, near the Minnesota border, and flowing in a southeasterly direction into the Mississippi. It is about 300
