JENA 248 JEPSON last places recovered by the Allies in 1918. JENA (ya'na), a town of Germany, in the former grand-duchy of Saxe-Weimar; 12 miles E. o± Weimar, on the Saale, a place of little importance except for its university, which was opened in 1558. It has (1915), 121 teachers, an anatomi- cal theater, botanical gardens, zoological museum and other scientific collections, observatory, library of 275,000 volumes, and (1915), 1,666 students. On Oct. 14, 1806, the Prussians (70,000 men) under Prince Hohenlohe were defeated here by the French under Napoleon Bonaparte A'ith 90,000 men. Pop. about 40,000. JENGHIZ KHAN. See GENGHIS Khan. JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE, an American economist and writer, born in St. Clair, Mich., in 1856. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1878. He took post-graduate courses in foreign universities. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 but did not practice law. For severa' years he taught Greek and Latin and German in Mount Morris College and from 1886 to 1889 was professor of political science and English literature at Knox College. He was professor of political science and social science at In- diana University from 1889 to 1901, and from that year to 1912 he was professor of political economy at Cornell Univer- sity. From 1912 to 1917 he was pro- fessor of government and director of the division of public affairs in New York University. He became in 1917 research professor of government and public ad- ministration at that university. From 1899 to 1901 he acted as expert agent of the United States Industrial Commission on Investigation of Trusts and Industrial Combinations in the United States and Europe. He was also special commis- sioner of the War Department to in- vestigate questions of currency and in- ternal taxation, labor, and police in Oriental countries. He acted as special agent on currency reform in Mexico in 1903. In 1903 and 1904 he acted on the commission to reform currency in China. From 1907 to 1910 he was a member of the United States Immigration Commis- sion. He was also a member of the High Commission in Nicaragua. In 1906 and 1907 he was president of the American Economic Association. He wrote many works on economic subjects, including "The Trust Problem," (1900) ; "Report on Certain Economic Questions in the English and Dutch Colonies in the Orient" (1902). He also edited many reports of the United States Industrial Commission. He compiled and edited many books on politics, government, and economic subjects. He contributed many articles to periodicals in these branches. JENNE (jen'ne), a town of Central Africa, on the Niger, and on the road from Sego to Timbuctoo, from which it is distant about 280 miles. It is a place of considerable commercial importance, and in the shops may be seen printed muslins, scarlet cloth, hardware goods, and other articles of British manufac- ture. Pop. about 10,000. JENNER, EDWARD, an English physician; born in Berkeley, Glouces- tershire, in 1749. After many years devoted to the consideration of, and ex- periments made with, vaccine lymph (or fluid taken from a pustule on the teat of a cow) , as a specific for smallpox, Jen- ner was for the first time, in 1796, en- abled to satisfy many medical men that the lymph, when inserted under the skin of a patient of any age, acted as a prophylactic, or preventive of the disease known as smallpox. He died in 1823. JENNER, SIR WILLIAM, an English physician; born in Chatham in 1815; was educated at University College, Lon- don, where he himself was professor (latterly of Practice of Medicine) from 1848 till 1879. He was appointed physi- cian in oi'dinary to the queen in 1862, and to the Prince of Wales in 1863; was made a baronet (1868), K. C. B. (1872). G. C. B. (1893), F. R. S., president of the College of Physicians, etc. It was he who established the difference between typhus and typhoid fevers (1851). He died Dec. 11, 1898. JEPHTHAH (jef'tha), one of the judges of Israel, who made a remarkable vow before he marched against the Ammonites, that if he proved victorious he_ would offer to the Lord the first li'ing thing which should come to meet him on his return. This happened to be his only daughter, whom he is said to have sacrificed to fulfil his rash vow. But many learned writers contend that the daughter, instead of being sacrificed, was devoted to perpetual virginity. JEPSON, EDGAR, a British novelist. He was born in London, and was edu- cated at Leamington and Oxford. In 1889-93 he lived in the Barbados but returned to London where he has since chiefly lived. His first book "Sibyl Falcon," appeared in 1895. His other works include: "The Passion for Ro- mance"; "Keepers of the People"; "On the Edge of the Empire"; "The Senti- mental Warrior"; "The Dictator's
