HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 24 HITCHCOCK tary tissues now grouped as: (1) epi- thelium, which lines alnK>st all the cavi- ties of the body and is directly or indi- rectly in communication with the atmos- phere; (2) the nervous tissues, which as nerve cells originate and as nervous fibers transmit all nervous impulses; (3) muscle, which produces motion whether Toluntary or involuntary; (4) glandular tissue, which consists of cells standing in close relation with the blood-vessels and which take from the blood certain sub- stances and secrete them; (5) connective substances, which support and hold to- gether the more delicate and important structures, especially forming the carti- leges and bones. Many tissues have the power of re- pairing injuries that happen to them. This power is called regeneration and is found especially in the lower animals, in polyps, worms, and in many amphibi- ous creatures and reptiles. In other cases the lesion is supplied by a new growth of connective substance. Vegetable histology is that department of botany which deals with the micro- scopic phytotomy or anatomy of plants, especially investigating the plant cells and plant tissues. HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN, a society of historical stu- dents and writers founded in 1884 and which held its first meeting in Saratoga, N, Y. Five years later by an act of Congress it was granted a charter in the District of Columbia. The society holds annual meetings at various cities in the United States. Under its direc- tion two important commissions of schol- ars have labored, one, the Historical Manuscripts Commission, the other the Public Archives Commission, both of which have rendered valuable public service. The "American Historical Re- view" is published quarterly by the as- sociation. HISTORY, the record of the most important bygone events in human his- tory chronologically arranged, with an inquiry into their causes, and the les- sons which they afford with regard to human conduct. A history may be of an institution, an invention or art grad- ually perfected, as, the history of ship- building, the history of painting; or of thought, as, the history of philosophy. Branches of history now named sepa- rately are archaeology and biography. Also a book treating of the history of any country, people, science, or art. HIT (ancient Is), a town of Turkey in Asia, on the Euphrates, 85 miles W. N. W. of Bagdad. It has pits of bitu- men, which have been worked from time immemorial, and naphtha springs. HITCHCOCK, CHARLES HENRY, an American geologist, born in Amherst, Mass., in 1836. He graduated from Am- herst College in 1856 and studied after- ward at the Yale Divinity School and the Andover Theological Seminary. His professional studies were carried on in London and in the United States. He also lectured on zoology at Amherst Col- lege from 1858 to 1864, and from 1868 to 1908 he was professor of geology and mineralogy at Dartmouth College. In 1908 he became professor emeritus. He served as assistant state geologist for Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire. He lectured on geology at various col- leges. His researches in geology on mountains in eastern United States were especially valuable. He was a member of many scientific societies and received honorary degrees from several colleges. He published "Elementary Geology" (1861) ; "Mount Washington in Winter" (1871) ; "Hawaii and Its Volcanoes" (1909), together with many articles in scientific magazines and publications. HITCHCOCK, ETHAN ALLEN, an American diplomatist; born in Mobile, Ala., Sept. 19, 1835; received an aca- demic education and entered mercantile life; subsequently president of railway and mining companies. In 1897 he be- came United States minister to Russia; in 1898, ambassador; and in 1899, Sec- retary of the Interior in McKinley's Cabinet. He died in 1909. HITCHCOCK, FRANK HARRIS, an American public official, born at Am- herst, Ohio, in 1869. He graduated from Harvard in 1891. After studying law at George Washington University he was admitted to the bar in 1894. He served in various posts in the govern- ment service and in 1905 was appointed First Assistant Postmaster-General. He was Postmaster-General in President Taft's Cabinet from 1909 to 1913. Dur- ing his administration postal savings banks and parcel post was established. On his retirement from office he resumed the practice of law in New York City. He managed the campaign of President Taft in 1908, and the campaign for the nomination of Charles E. Hughes in 1916. In 1920 he was manager of the campaign for General Leonard Wood. He was a member of many economic so- cieties. HITCHCOCK, GILBERT MONELL, a United States Senator from Nebraska. Born at Omaha, Neb., in 1859, and edu- cated at Baden-Baden, Germany, and the
