HOSMER 61 HOSPITAL tory in several schools and colleges, he became Associate Professor of History at the University of Tennessee in 1900. He was successively appointed assistant professor, and in 1907 became full pro- fessor. From 1911 he was dean of the University of Tennessee. He wrote sev- eral articles on the history of Tennessee and the part taken by Tennessee in the war. From 1900 to 1910 he was editor of the University of Tennessee publica- tions. HOSMER, HARRIET, an American sculptor; born in Watertown, Mass., Oct. 9, 1830; studied at Rome; and among her best-known works are "Ideal Heads of Daphne and Medusa," "Puck," "The Sleeping Faun," "Waking Faun," "Bea- trice Cenci"; statues of Thomas H. Ben- ton, Queen Isabella, and the Queen of Naples; and a number of ornamental fountains. She died Feb. 21, 1908. HOSMER, JAMES KENDALL, an American author; born in Northfield, Mass., in 1834. He graduated from Harvard University in 1855 and also Harvard Divinity School in 1859. He was Unitarian pastor of Deerfield, Mass., from 1860 to 1866, serving in the mean- time in the Civil War as private. He was Professor of Rhetoric and English at Antioch College from 1866 to 1872, and from 1872 to 1874 was Professor of English and History at the University of Missouri. From 1874 to 1892 he was Professor of English and German Liter- ature at Washington University, and from 1892 to 1894, librarian of the Minneapolis Public Library. He was president of the American Library Asso- ciation in 1902 and 1903. His published works include "Short History of German Literature" (1878) ; "Story of the Jews" (1885) ; "Life of Samuel Adams" (1885) ; "Short History of Anglo-Saxon Freedom" (1890); "History of the Civil War in America" (in the "American Nation" series, 1907) ; "Expedition of Lewis and Clark" (1902) ; "Journal of John Winthrop" (1908), etc. HOSPICE (hos'pis), a little convent belonging to a religious order, occupied by a few monks, and destined to receive and entertain traveling monks ; or houses of refuge and entertainment for travel- ers on some difficult road or pass, as the Hospice of the Great St. Bernard. HOSPITAL, any building for the re- ception and treatment of sick, injured or infirm persons. If possible the hos- pital should not be surrounded by other buildings than those belonging to itself. The structural arrangements should be such as to secure perfect, free circulation Vol. V— of air and the greatest amount of sun^ shine. The size of the wards depends on the number of patients to be main- tained, allowing a capacity of 3,000 cubic feet for each inmate. From 20 to 32 beds have been taken as a basis for ward construction. In some hospitals there are wards of one and two beds for cases which require special care, or which from the nature of their disease require partial isolation. The general form of ward construction is governed by the question of renewal of air and the superficial area allowed to each pa- tient, for on this depends the distance of the sick from each other, the facility of changing their beds, cleanliness and many other important features. In a ward 24 feet wide, with a window for every bed or two, a 7 foot 6 inch bed space along the outer walls is sufficient. That would give 90 superficial feet per bed, which must, however, be increased in pernicious fevers, surgery and obstet- rical cases. The ceilings should be from 12 to 14 feet high. With a view to economizing heat in winter and keeping the wards cool in summer the walls should be hollow, ceiled, and of an im- pervious polished surface, easily cleansed with soap and water. All corners should be rounded off and no cracks tolerated, since they fill with impurities. The floors and woodwork throughout should be of oak, closely jointed, oiled and waxed, rubbed and polished. The woodwork should be confined to that re- quired by absolute necessity. The forms of windows must be such as to facilitate the entrance of light as a factor to pro- mote health. One square foot of win- dow glass to every 50 or 55 cubic feet of space will aiford a well lighted, cheer- ful ward. The consensus of professional opinion is opposed to the present plan of con- structing large edifices for hospital pur- poses; the benefits they confer being greatly diminished by the risk of hospital diseases, — fevers of certain forms, ery- sipelas, pyaemia, etc., — which when once installed are most difficult and often im« possible to eradicate. The profession today favors a system of construction known as the "pavilion plan," which can be called a compromise measure between the large block edifice and the cottages and huts. According to this system the wards are separate and distinct from the administration building and should be arranged to form pavilions one story high, never more than two, and they should always sur- round the administrative blocks. This mode of construction is applicable to both large and small establishments. The Cyc— E
