SCHUYLER LAKE 286 SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT SCHUYLER LAKE, a small lake in Otsego co., N. Y. Its outlet is the Sus- quehanna river. It is about 8 miles N. W. of Cooperstown and is 24 miles S. E. of Utica; length 5 miles. SCHUYLKILL, a river of Pennsyl- vania, which rises in the N. side of the Blue Mountains, runs S. E., passes through the confines of Philadelphia, and unites with the Delaware 5 miles below that city. It is 120 miles long. SCHUYLKILL HAVEN, a borough of Pennsylvania, in Schuylkill co., on the Schuylkill river, and on the Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia and Reading, and the Lehigh Valley railroads. Its industries include car shops, underwear and shoe factories, rolling mills, and pip mills. Pop. (1910) 4,747; (1920) 5,437. SCHWAB, CHARLES M., an Ameri- can capitalist and public official, born at Williamsburg, Pa., in 1862. While still a boy he entered the employment of the Carnegie Company as a stake driver. He attracted the attention of the officials of the company by his efficiency and was gradually promoted until he became in 1881 chief engineer. He was soon after- ward appointed assistant manager and from 1889 to 1897 was general superin- tendent of the Edgar Thompson Steel Works. During the same period he was also superintendent and general superin- tendent of the Homestead Steel Works. From 1897 to 1901 he was president of the Carnegie Steel Company, Ltd., having become one of the most trusted lieuten- ants of Andrew Carnegie. He persuaded the latter to accept the plans made by J. P. Morgan for the formation of the United States Steel Corporation and on the formation of that organization was elected its president. He resigned in 1903 and became president of the Bethle- hem Steel Corporation, which was built up under his management, until it be- came one of the largest steel making enterprises in the world. During the first years of the World War his com- pany had a virtual monopoly in contracts to supply the Allies with certain kinds of munitions. Mr. Schwab made many visits to Europe in connection with the manufacture and supply of munitions to the Allied governments, during this pe- riod. When the United States Govern- ment undertook the construction of ships in 1918 and formed the Emergency Fleet Corporation, Mr. Schwab was appointed director-general of shipbuilding, and largely through his efforts the problem of the replacing of ships destroyed by submarines was solved. He served until December, 1918. Mr. Schwab established an industrial school at Homestead, Pa.; gave an auditorium to the Pennsylvania State College; founded a home for chil- dren on Staten Island, N. Y. ; and gave to his native town, Loretta, Pa., a Catho- lic church costing $150,000. He was one of the most valuable advisers of the government during the reconstruction period following the World War. SCHWAN, THEODORE, an American soldier, born at Hanover, Germany, in 1841. He was educated in Germany and removed to the United States in 1857. He served during the Civil War, rising to the rank of 1st lieutenant. At the close of the war he enlisted in the Regu- lar Army and was appointed captain. He was promoted to various grades, becom- ing lieutenant-colonel in 1895, and briga- dier-general of volunteers in 1898. In the following year he was honorably dis- charged from the volunteer service, and in 1901 was appointed brigadier-general in the United States Army. After 40 years of service he retired at his own request in 1909. He was awarded a medal of honor for distinguished service in the Civil War. During the Spanish- American War, he commanded the 1st Division of the 9th Army Corps, and was chief of staff of the Division of Porto Rico. He saw service also in military expeditions in the Philippines. In 1916 he was promoted to be major-general in the United States Army. SCHWARTZ, BERTHOLD, a monk of the order of Cordeliers, at the end of the 13th century, was a native of Freiburg, in Germany, and an able chemist. It is said that as he was making some experi- ments with niter he was led to his inven- tion of gunpowder, which was first applied to warlike purposes by the Vene- tians in 1300. There is, however, much discrepancy in the accounts of this dis- covery; and it is certain that Roger Ba- con, who died in 1292, was acquainted with an inflammable composition similar to gunpowder,, the knowledge of which the Europeans appear to have derived from the Orientals. SCHWARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT, a former German principality, now part of the Republic of Thuringia in the German Republic, situated between Prussian Sax- ony, the Saxon duchies, and the princi- pality of Reuss. It lies on the N. side of the Thuringian Forest, and has an area of 362 square miles. The surface is rugged, and the soil by no means fer- tile. The most important crop is flax, the culture of which is almost universal. A great part of the land is devoted to pasture, and great numbers of cattle are reared. The minerals include brown coal, iron, slate, and salt. The principal
