CHAPTER 6
DERIVATION, 149–178
149. Noun expressions are derived from verb expressions by means of proclitic atonic particles (150, 151), and enclitic particles (152–162).
150. Proclitic Ɂa‑: loutté ‘(he) works’: ɁalouɁ ‘work’: ɁalouɁ loutté ‘(he) does as work’: Ɂaloukkóu θwâmé ‘(he) will go to work’; myâdé ‘is many’: Ɂamyâ ‘many’: cêizû Ɂamyâjî tímbádé ‘very many thanks’: tìdé ‘beats or plucks, as a musical instrument’: hmoutté ‘blows, plays a wind instrument’: Ɂatì ɁahmouɁ ‘music’; θôundé ‘uses’: Ɂaθôun ‘use’: Ɂaθôun macàbû ‘is not of use’.
151. Proclitic ta‑. This particle is not freely productive and occurs in a limited number of fairly common words. It is more frequent in doubled nouns (173):
lwêdé ‘errs, is wrong’: talwê loutté ‘(he) does (it) wrong’; chòudé ‘is defective, wanting. incomplete’: tachòu ‘some’: tachòu táunyá ɁalouɁ louɁ sâdé ‘some make their living as farmers’; sâundé ‘slants’: tazâun ‘slanting’: tazâun ɁeiɁ néidé ‘(he) is sleeping on his side’: šautté ‘passes lengthwise’: lân ‘road’: lân šautté ‘walks’: lân tašaullôun bá sháimmà matwèibû ‘(I) did not find a shop on the whole walk’.
Enclitic Particles, 152–162
152. Enclitic ‑tá:
myâdé ‘is many’: myâdá ‘many’: lúbâun bélauɁ myâdá myínlaiθθalê ‘how many men altogether did (you) see?’; loutté ‘works’: louttá ‘work’: couɁ louttá kâunðalâ ‘is what I did good?’; pyôdé ‘speaks’: pyôdá ‘speech, speaking’: pyôdágóu nâ léðalâ ‘did (you) understand what was said?’; myíndé ‘sees’: twèidé ‘finds, meets’: mamyímbûbû ‘never saw’: matwèibûbû ‘never met’: mamyímbû matwèibû dámyâgóulê mýinyà twèiyàdé ‘(you) have the opportunity of observing what (you) have never seen, too’.
153. Enclitic ‑hmá:
yautté ‘arrives’: yaummé ‘will arrive’: lúgóu doukkhà yauphmá sôuyéinyàdé ‘(the government) is concerned lest people get into trouble’; hmâmé ‘will err’: lân hmâhmá sôuyéindé ‘(he) is concerned about missing the road'.
154. Enclitic ‑té:
šidé ‘is present’: mašibû ‘is not present’: mathúyín, khímbyâ šìdé mašìdégóu bèné louɁ θìhnáimmalê ‘if (you) do not answer, how can (I) know whether you are present or not?’.
154.1. When a noun expression formed with the enclitic ‑té precedes a noun which it modifies (126), the enclitic changes to ‑tè (tone III):
hmándé ‘is correct’: hmándè Ɂaphyéigóu lóujíndé ‘(I) want the correct answer’; ɁasheiɁ mašìbû ‘there is no poison’: ɁasheiɁ rnašìdè mwéilê šìdé ‘there are also non-poisonous snakes’; lephmaɁ wédé ‘(he) buys tickets’: lephmaɁ wédè ɁapauɁ hóuhmá šìdé ‘the ticket window is over there’; šèigà myínyàdé ‘(you) have the opportunity of seeing (it) ahead’: šèigà myínyàdè tôhóubephmá ka-nyukkwîn
