ito2 CANTABRIA. leaves little doubt that Pliny had lieard of the Acr- siNES by its Indian name Chandrahaghay and out of this he made another river. The same remark applies to the Sakdabal of Ptolemy (vii. I. §§ 26, 27, 42). [P. S.] CANTA'BBIA (Ksana€pia the country of the CANTABRI {KitrroSpoi ; sinjj. Kimaipoi, Can- taber, Adj. Cantabricus). a people of Hispania Tarra- conensis, about the middle of the N. side of the peninsula, in the mountains that run parallel to the coast, and from them extending to the coast itself, in the £. of AsturiaSj and the N. of Burgos, Pa- lenda, and Toro. They and their neighbours on the W., the Astures, were the last peoples of the peninsula that submitted to the Roman yoke, being only subdued under Augustus. Before thLs, their name is loosely applied to the inhabitants of the whole mountain di;itrict along the N. coast (Caes. B. G. iii. 26, B. C. i. 38), and so, too, even by later writers (Liv. EpiL xlviii.; Juv. xv. 108 compai-ed with 93). But the geographers who wrote after their conquest give their position more exactly, as £. of the Astures, the bomidary being the river Salia (Mela, iii. 1), and W. of the Autrigones, Yarduli, and Vascones. (Strab. iii. p. 167, et alib. Plin. iii. 3. 8. 4, iv. 20. s. 34; Ptol. ii. 6. §§ 6, 51.) They were regarded as the fiercest and rudest of all the peoples of the peainsula, — " savage as wild beasts," says Strabo, who describes their manners at some length (iii. pp. 155, 166; comp. SI. Ital. iii. 329, 361; Hor. Ccurm. iii. 4.) They were subjugated by Au- gustus, after a most obstinate resistance, in B.C. 25; but they soon revolted, and had to be reconquered by Agrippa, B.C. 19. In this second war, the greater part of the people perished by the sword, and the remainder were compelled to quit their mountains, and reside in the lower valleys. (Dion Ciss. liii. 25, 29, liv. 5, 11, 20; Strab. iii. pp. 156, 164,287,821 ; Hornt. Carm. ii. 6. 2, 11. 1, iii. 8. 22; Flor. iv. 12, 51 ; Liv. xxviii. 12 ; Suet Octav. 20, et scq.. 29, 81, 85; Oros. vi. 21.) But still their subjugation was imperfect; Tiberius found it necessary to keep them in restraint by strung garrisons (Strab. p. 156); their mountains have afforded a refuge to Spani^ indcpendenoe, and the cradle of its regeneration ; and their unconquerable spirit survives in the BcuqueSj who are supposed to be their genuine descendants. (Ford, Uandbook of Spain, p. 554, foil.) The ethnical aflinities, however, both of the ancient and the modem people, have always presented a most difficult problem ; the most probable opinion is that which makes them a remnant of the most ancient Iberian population. (W. von Humboldt, Urbewohner von Hispanim, Berlin, 1821, 4to.) Strabo (iii. p. 157) mentions a tradition which derived them from Laconian settlers, of the period of the Trojan war. Under the Ronuui empire, Cantabria belonged to the province of Hispania Tarraconensis, and contained seven tribes. (Plin. Hi. 3. s. 4.) Of these tribes the ancient geographers apologise for possessing only imperfect information, on the ground of the bar- barian sound of their names. (Strab. iii. pp. 155, 162; Mela, iii. 1.) Among them were the Pleu- tauri (nXc^raupoi); the Bardyetae or Bardyali (Bap- Surrrai, Bap9uaot), probably the Yakduli of Pliny (iii. 3. 8.4, iv.20. s.34) ; the AIlotrigesCAAXiJTpiycs), probably the same as the Autiugones ; the Conisci (KofiffKoi), probably the same as the Coniaci (Kw- yuucoC) or Goncani (KMi^woyot), who are ptirticularly mentioned in the Cantabrian War (Mela, iii. 1 ; Uorat Carm. iii. 4. 34; Sil. Ital. iii. 360, 361); CANTIUM. and the TuTsi (Tov/o-oi), about the sources of the Iberus. These are all mentioned by Strabo (iiL ppi 155, 156, 162). Mela names also the Origeno- mesci or Argemomesci (iii. 1), and some minor tribes are mentioned by Ptolemy and other writers. Of the nine cities of Cantabria, according to Pliny, JuLiOBRiCA alone was worthy of mention. (Phn. iii. 3. s. 4, iv. 20. s. 34.) Ptolemy mentions these nine cities as follows: near the sea-coast, No^au- cesia (NoiyoovKCfffa), a little above the mouth of a river of the same name (ii. 6. § 6); and, in the in- terior, Concana {KAjKoya), Ottaviolca ('Ottoow- 6Ka), Argenomcscum {'ApytvofidcKov), Vadinia (OvoStvfa), Vcllica (Oif4Auca), Camarica (Kofid- puca'), Juliobriga (*lovt^ptya), and Moroeca (M<J- poiKo, ii. 6. § 51). Pliny also mentions Blendium (prob. Santander) ; and a few places of less import- ance are named by other writers. (Ukert, voL ii pt. !. pp. 443, 444.) Strabo places among the Cantabri the sources of the rivers Iberus (^Ebro) and Minius (^Minho), and the commencement of ^It. Idubeda, the great chain which runs from NW. to SE. between the central table-land of Spain and the basin of the Ebro, (Strab. iii. pp. 153, 159, 161.) [P. S.] CANTAE, a people of Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy as Ijing to the NE. of the Caledonian Wood, between that district and the Logi. This gives them the tract between the Murray and Dornoch Firths. As the Kenti.sh Cantium Pkomontoriux was the North Foreland, so was the Scottish Casttae, pro- bably, Tarbet Nest. [R. G. L.] CANTANUS (Kdmoposj Steph. B. ; Koi^oi'/a, Hieroclcs : Eth. Karrdvios, St4>ph. B.), a city of Crete, which the Pcutinger Table fixes at 24 M. P. from Cisamos. It was a bishop's see under the By- zantine emperors, and when the Venetians obtained possession of the island they established a Latin bishop here, as in every other diocese. Mr. Pashley {Trav. vol. ii. p. 116) found remains of tliis city on a conical liill about a mile to the S. of Khddros. The walls can be traced for little more than 150 paces; the style of their masonry attests a high an- tiquity. [E. B. J.] CA'NTHARUS PORTUS. [Avnci*. p. 307, a.] j CANTHI SINUS (KtCvdi JcdAiroj : Gulf of CfUch), a great gulf, on the W. coast of India intra Gangem, between Larice and the mouths of the In- dus. (Ptol. vii. 1. §§2, 55, 94.) The country on its shores was called Syrastrenb; and Ptolemy mentions the island of Barace (^Cutch) as lying in it. The pscudo-Arrian calls it the Irinus Sinus (Eipiv6y and the interior portion, behind the island of Cutch (now known as the Bwm), he calls Baraces (Bct- pdxTis), and states that it contains seven islands (they are, in fact, more numerous); and he de- scribes the dangers of its navigation (Peripl. Mar. Erytkr. p. 23, Hudson). The Rvmn is now a more morass. [P. S.] CANTIXIA, a place in Gallia, which the Table fixes on the road between Aquae Nerae (A'cm) and Augustonometum {^Clermont). D'Anville supposes that it may be one of the two places called ChaiUeUe- 2a- Ftet7/e and ChantelU-le-C hotel, for the name is the same, and the distauces agree very well. [G.L.] CA'NTIUM (K({kt»ov), in Britain. Name for name, the county Kent. Probably the two areas coincide as well, or nearly so. Mentioned by Caesar as being that part of the coast where the traffic with Gaul was greatest, and where the civilisation was highest. The North Fortbuid was called Cantiom
