In 1802 he left Paris for Rome, where he remained until 1819, when he returned to Paris, bringing with him besides various other works one of fourteen repetitions of his celebrated Chœur des Capucins, executed in 1811. The figures of the monks celebrating mass are taken in this subject as a substantive part of the architectural effect, and this is the case with all Granet’s works, even with those in which the figure subject would seem to assert its importance, and its historical or romantic interest. “Stella painting a Madonna on his Prison Wall,” 1810 (Leuchtenberg collection); “Sodoma à l’hôpital,” 1815 (Louvre); “Basilique basse de St François d’Assise,” 1823 (Louvre); “Rachat de prisonniers,” 1831 (Louvre); “Mort de Poussin,” 1834 (Villa Demidoff, Florence), are among his principal works; all are marked by the same peculiarities, everything is sacrificed to tone. In 1819 Louis Philippe decorated Granet, and afterwards named him Chevalier de l’Ordre St Michel, and Conservateur des tableaux de Versailles (1826). He became member of the institute in 1830; but in spite of these honours, and the ties which bound him to M. de Forbin, then director of the Louvre, Granet constantly returned to Rome. After 1848 he retired to Aix, immediately lost his wife, and died himself on the 21st of November 1849. He bequeathed to his native town the greater part of his fortune and all his collections, now exhibited in the Musée, together with a very fine portrait of the donor painted by Ingres in 1811.
GRANGE (through the A.-Fr. graunge, from the Med. Lat.
granea, a place for storing grain, granum), properly a granary
or barn. In the middle ages a “grange” was a detached portion
of a manor with farm-houses and barns belonging to a lord or to
a religious house; in it the crops could be conveniently stored for
the purpose of collecting rent or tithe. Thus, such barns are often
known as “tithe-barns.” In many cases a chapel was included
among the buildings or stood apart as a separate edifice. The
word is still used as a name for a superior kind of farm-house,
or for a country-house which has farm-buildings and agricultural
land attached to it.
Architecturally considered, the “grange” was usually a long building with high wooden roof, sometimes divided by posts or columns into a sort of nave and aisles, and with walls strongly buttressed. Sometimes these granges were of very great extent; one at St Leonards, Hampshire, was originally 225 ft. long by 75 ft. wide, and a still larger one (303 ft. long) existed at Chertsey. Ancient granges, or tithe-barns, still exist at Glastonbury, Bradford-on-Avon, St Mary’s Abbey, York, and at Coxwold. A fine example at Peterborough was pulled down at the end of the 19th century. In France there are many examples in stone of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries; some divided into a central and two side aisles by arcades in stone. Externally granges are noticeable on account of their great roofs and the slight elevation of the eaves, from 8 to 10 ft. only in height. In the 15th century they were sometimes protected by moats and towers. At Ardennes in Normandy, where the grange was 154 ft. long; Vauclerc near Laon, Picardy, 246 ft. long and in two storeys; at Perrières, St Vigor, near Bayeux, and Ouilly near Falaise, all in Normandy; and at St Martin-au-Bois (Oise) are a series of fine examples. Attached to the abbey of Longchamps, near Paris, is one of the best-preserved granges in France, with walls in stone and internally divided into three aisles in oak timber of extremely fine construction.
In the social economic movement in the United States of America, which began in 1867 and was known as the “Farmers’ Movement,” “grange” was adopted as the name for a local chapter of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry, and the movement is thus often known as the “Grangers’ Movement” (see Farmers’ Movement). There are a National Grange at Washington, supervising the local divisions, and state granges in most states.
GRANGEMOUTH, a police burgh and seaport of Stirlingshire,
Scotland. Pop. (1901) 8386. It is situated on the south shore
of the estuary of the Forth, at the mouth of the Carron and also
of Grange Burn, a right-hand tributary of the Carron, 3 m. N.E.
of Falkirk by the North British and Caledonian railways. It
is the terminus of the Forth and Clyde Canal, from the opening
of which (1789) its history may be dated. The principal buildings
are the town hall (in the Greek style), public hall, public institute
and free library, and there is a public park presented by the
marquess of Zetland. Since 1810, when it became a head port, it
has gradually attained the position of the chief port of the Forth
west of Leith. The first dock (opened in 1846), the second
(1859) and the third (1882) cover an area of 28 acres, with timber
ponds of 44 acres and a total quayage of 2500 yards. New
docks, 93 acres in extent, with an entrance from the firth, were
opened in 1905 at a cost of more than £1,000,000. The works
rendered it necessary to divert the influx of the Grange from the
Carron to the Forth. Timber, pig-iron and iron ore are the leading
imports, and coal, produce and iron the chief exports. The
industries include shipbuilding, rope and sail making and iron
founding. There is regular steamer communication with London,
Christiania, Hamburg, Rotterdam and Amsterdam. Experiments
in steam navigation were carried out in 1802 with the
“Charlotte Dundas” on the Forth and Clyde Canal at Grangemouth.
Kersa House adjoining the town on the S.W. is a seat
of the marquess of Zetland.
GRANGER, JAMES (1723–1776), English clergyman and print-collector, was born in Dorset in 1723. He went to Oxford, and then entered holy orders, becoming vicar of Shiplake; but apart from his hobby of portrait-collecting, which resulted in the principal work associated with his name, and the publication of some sermons, his life was uneventful. Yet a new word was added to the language—“to grangerize”—on account of him. In 1769 he published in two quarto volumes a Biographical History of England “consisting of characters dispersed in different classes, and adapted to a methodical catalogue of engraved British heads”; this was “intended as an essay towards reducing our biography to a system, and a help to the knowledge of portraits.” The work was supplemented in later editions by Granger, and still further editions were brought out by the Rev. Mark Noble, with additions from Granger’s materials. Blank leaves were left for the filling in of engraved portraits for extra illustration of the text, and it became a favourite pursuit to discover such illustrations and insert them in a Granger, so that “grangerizing” became a term for such an extra-illustration of any work, especially with cuts taken from other books. The immediate result of the appearance of Granger’s own work was the rise in value of books containing portraits, which were cut out and inserted in collector’s copies.
GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granito, grained; Lat.
granum, grain), the group designation for a family of igneous
rocks whose essential characteristics are that they are of acid
composition (containing high percentages of silica), consist
principally of quartz and felspar, with some mica, hornblende
or augite, and are of holocrystalline or “granitoid” structure.
In popular usage the term is given to almost any crystalline rock
which resembles granite in appearance or properties. Thus
syenites, diorites, gabbros, diabases, porphyries, gneiss, and even
limestones and dolomites, are bought and sold daily as “granites.”
True granites are common rocks, especially among the older
strata of the earth’s crust. They have great variety in colour
and general appearance, some being white or grey, while others
are pink, greenish or yellow: this depends mainly on the state
of preservation of their felspars, which are their most abundant
minerals, and partly also on the relative proportion in which
they contain biotite and other dark coloured silicates. Many
granites have large rounded or angular crystals of felspar (Shap
granite, many Cornish granites), well seen on polished faces.
Others show an elementary foliation or banding (e.g. Aberdeen
granite). Rounded or oval dark patches frequently appear in
the granitic matrix of many Cornish rocks of this group.
In the field granite usually occurs in great masses, covering wide areas. These are generally elliptical or nearly circular and may be 20 m. in diameter or more. In the same district separate areas or “bosses” of granite may be found, all having much in common in their mineralogical and structural features, and such groups have probably all proceeded from the same
