(1795 and 1817); Applications de géométrie descriptive (1817);
Traité de géométrie descriptive, &c. (1822); Traité élémentaire des
machines (1811); Correspondance sur l’École Polytechnique (1804–1815).
He also contributed many valuable papers to the leading
scientific journals of his time.
For a list of Hachette’s writings see the Catalogue of Scientific Papers of the Royal Society of London; also F. Arago, Œuvres (1855); and Silvestre, Notice sur J. N. P. Hachette (Bruxelles, 1836).
HACHETTE, JEANNE, French heroine. Jeanne Lainé, or
Fourquet, called Jeanne Hachette, was born about 1454. We
have no precise information about her family or origin. She is
known solely for her act of heroism which on the 27th of June
1472 saved Beauvais when it was on the point of being taken
by the troops of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. The town
was defended by only 300 men-at-arms, commanded by Louis de
Balagny. The Burgundians were making an assault, and one of
their number had actually planted a flag upon the battlements,
when Jeanne, axe in hand, flung herself upon him, hurled him
into the moat, tore down the flag, and revived the drooping
courage of the garrison. In gratitude for this heroic deed,
Louis XI. instituted a procession in Beauvais called the Procession
of the Assault, and married Jeanne to her chosen lover
Colin Pilon, loading them with favours.
See Georges Vallat, Jeanne Hachette (Abbeville, 1898).
HACHETTE, LOUIS CHRISTOPHE FRANÇOIS (1800–1864),
French publisher, was born at Rethel in the Ardennes on the
5th of May 1800. After studying three years at a normal school
with the view of becoming a teacher, he was in 1822 on political
grounds expelled from the seminary. He then studied law, but
in 1826 he established in Paris a publishing business for the issue
of works adapted to improve the system of school instruction,
or to promote the general culture of the community. He
published manuals in various departments of knowledge, dictionaries
of modern and ancient languages, educational journals,
and French, Latin and Greek classics annotated with great
care by the most eminent authorities. Subsequently to 1850 he,
in conjunction with other partners, published a cheap railway
library, scientific and miscellaneous libraries, an illustrated
library for the young, libraries of ancient literature, of modern
foreign literature, and of modern foreign romance, a series of
guide-books and a series of dictionaries of universal reference.
In 1855 he also founded Le Journal pour tous, a publication with
a circulation of 150,000 weekly. Hachette also manifested great
interest in the formation of mutual friendly societies among the
working classes, in the establishment of benevolent institutions,
and in other questions relating to the amelioration of the poor,
on which subjects he wrote various pamphlets; and he lent the
weight of his influence towards a just settlement of the question
of international literary copyright. He died on the 31st of
July 1864.
HACHURE (French for “hatching”), the term for the conventional
lines used in hill or mountain shading upon a map
(q.v.) to indicate the slope of the surface, the depth of shading
being greatest where the slope is steepest. The method is less
accurate than that of contour lines, but gives an indication of
the trend and extent of a range or mountain system, especially
upon small-scale maps.
HACIENDA (O. Span. facienda, from the Latin, meaning
“things to be done”), a Spanish term for a landed estate.
It is commonly applied in Spanish America to a country estate,
on which stock-raising, manufacturing or mining may be carried
on, usually with a dwelling-house for the owner’s residence upon
it. It is thus used loosely for a country house.
HACKBERRY, a name given to the fruit of Celtis occidentalis,
belonging to the natural botanical order Ulmaceae, to which
also belongs the elm (Ulmus). It is also known under the name
of “sugar-berry,” “beaver-wood” and “nettle-tree.” The
hackberry tree is of middle size, attaining from 60 to 80 ft. in
height (though sometimes reaching 130 ft.), and with the aspect
of an elm. The leaves are ovate in shape, with a very long taper
point, rounded and usually very oblique at the base, usually
glabrous above and soft-pubescent beneath. The soft filmy
flowers appear early in the spring before the expansion of the
leaves. The fruit is oblong, about half to three-quarters of an
inch long, of a reddish or yellowish colour when young, turning
to a dark purple in autumn. This tree is distributed through
the deep shady forests bordering river banks from Canada
(where it is very rare) to the southern states. The fruit has a
sweetish and slightly astringent taste, and is largely eaten in the
United States. The seeds contain an oil like that of almonds.
The bark is tough and fibrous like hemp, and the wood is heavy,
soft, fragile and coarse-grained, and is used for making fences
and furniture. The root has been used as a dye for linens.
HACKENSACK, a town and the county-seat of Bergen county,
New Jersey, U.S.A., on the Hackensack river, 13 m. N. of Jersey
City. Pop. (1890), 6004; (1900), 9443, of whom 2009 were foreign-born
and 515 were negroes; (1905) 11,098; (1910) 14,050. It is
served by the New York, Susquehanna & Western, and the New
Jersey & New York railways, both being controlled by the Erie
Company; and indirectly by the West Shore (at Bogota, 12 m.
S.E.). Electric lines connect Hackensack with Newark, Passaic
and Paterson, and with New York ferries. The town extends
from the low bank of the river W. to the top of a ridge, about
40 ft. higher up, from which there are good views to the S. and
E. Hackensack is principally a residential town, though there
are a number of manufacturing establishments in and near it.
Silk and silk goods and wall-paper are the principal manufactures.
In 1905 the value of the town’s factory product was
$1,488,358, an increase of 90·3% since 1900. There are an
historic mansion-house and an interesting old Dutch church,
both erected during the 18th century; and a monument marks
the grave of General Enoch Poor (1736–1780), an officer in the
War of Independence, who was born at Andover, Mass., entered
the Continental Army from New Hampshire, and took part in
the campaign against Burgoyne, in the battle of Monmouth
and in General Sullivan’s expedition against the Iroquois.
Hackensack was settled by the Dutch about 1640, and was named
after the Hackensack Indians, a division of the Unami Delawares,
who lived in the valleys of the Hackensack and Passaic
rivers, and whose best-known chief was Oritany, a friend of the
whites. Hackensack is coextensive with the township of New
Barbadoes, first incorporated with considerably larger territory
in 1693.
HACKET, JOHN (1592–1670), bishop of Lichfield and Coventry,
was born in London and educated at Westminster and Trinity
College, Cambridge. On taking his degree he was elected a
fellow of his college, and soon afterwards wrote the comedy of
Loiola (London, 1648), which was twice performed before James
I. He was ordained in 1618, and through the influence of John
Williams (1582–1650) became rector in 1621 of Stoke Hammond,
Bucks, and Kirkby Underwood, Lincolnshire. In 1623 he was
chaplain to James, and in 1624 Williams presented him to the
livings of St Andrew’s, Holborn, and Cheam, Surrey. When the
so-called “root-and-branch bill” was before parliament in
1641, Hacket was selected to plead in the House of Commons
for the continuance of cathedral establishments. In 1645 his
living of St Andrew’s was sequestered, but he was allowed to
retain the rectory of Cheam. On the accession of Charles II. his
fortunes improved; he frequently preached before the king,
and in 1661 was consecrated bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.
His best-known book is the excellent biography of his patron,
Archbishop Williams, entitled Scrinia reserata: a Memorial
offered to the great Deservings of John Williams, D.D. (London,
1693).
HACKETT, HORATIO BALCH (1808–1875), American biblical
scholar, was born in Salisbury, Massachusetts, on the 27th of
December 1808. He was educated at Phillips-Andover Academy,
at Amherst College, where he graduated as valedictorian in 1830,
and at Andover Theological Seminary, where he graduated in
1834. He was adjunct professor of Latin and Greek Languages
and Literature at Brown University in 1835–1838 and professor
of Hebrew Literature there in 1838–1839, was ordained to the
Baptist ministry in 1839—he had become a Baptist at Andover
as the result of preparing a paper on baptism in the New Testament
and the Fathers—and in 1839–1868 he was professor of
