the criminal court at the capital sentenced to death, by default, a large number of persons implicated in the risings earlier in the year, and in November revolution broke out again. General Antoine Simon raised his standard at Aux Cayes. Disaffection was rife among the government troops, who deserted to him in great numbers. On the 2nd of December Port-au-Prince was occupied without bloodshed by the revolutionaries, and Alexis took to flight, escaping violence with some difficulty, and finding refuge on a French ship. General Simon then assumed the presidency. At the end of April 1910 Alexis died in Jamaica, in circumstances of some obscurity; it had just been discovered that a plot was on foot to depose Simon, and further trouble was threatened.
Authorities.—B. Edwards, Hist. Survey of the Island of S. Domingo (London, 1801); Jordan, Geschichte der Insel Haiti (Leipzig, 1846); Linstant Pradin, Recueil général des lois et actes du gouvernement d’Haiti (Paris, 1851–1865); Monte y Tejada, Historia de Santo Domingo (Havana, 1853); Saint Amand, Hist. des révolutions d’Haiti (Paris, 1859); Sam. Hazard, Santo Domingo, Past and Present (London, 1873), with bibliography; Sir Spencer St John, Haiti, or the Black Republic (London, 1889); L. Gentil Tippenhauer, Die Insel Haiti (Leipzig, 1893); Marcelin, Haiti, études économiques, sociales, et politiques; and Haiti, ses guerres civiles, leurs causes (Paris, 1893); Hesketh Pritchard, Where Black Rules White (London, 1900). For geology, see W. M. Gabb, “On the Topography and Geology of Santo Domingo,” Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Philadelphia, new series, vol. xv. (1881). pp. 49-259, with map; L. G. Tippenhauer, Die Insel Haiti (Leipzig, 1893); see also several articles by L. G. Tippenhauer in Peterm. Mitt. 1899 and 1901. A comparison with the Jamaican succession will be found in R. T. Hill, “The Geology and Physical Geography of Jamaica,” Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, vol. xxxiv. (1899).
HAJIPUR, a town of British India, in the Muzaffarpur district of Bengal, on the Gandak, just above its confluence with the Ganges opposite Patna. Pop. (1901), 21,398. Hajipur figures conspicuously in the history of the struggles between Akbar and his rebellious Afghan governors of Bengal, being twice besieged and captured by the imperial troops, in 1572 and 1574. Within the limits of the old fort is a small stone mosque, very plain, but of peculiar architecture, and attributed to Hājī Ilyās, its traditional founder (c. 1350). Its command of water traffic in three directions makes the town a place of considerable commercial importance. Hajipur has a station on the main line of the Bengal and North-western railway.
HAJJ or Hadj, the Arabic word, meaning literally a “setting
out,” for the greater pilgrimage of Mahommedans to Mecca,
which takes place from the 8th to the 10th of the twelfth month
of the Mahommedan year; the lesser pilgrimage, called umrah
or omra, may be made to the mosque at Mecca at any time other
than that of the hajj proper, and is also a meritorious act. The
term hajji or hadji is given to those who have performed the
greater pilgrimage. The word hajj is sometimes loosely used of any
Mahommedan pilgrimage to a sacred place or shrine, and is also
applied to the pilgrimages of Christians of the East to the Holy
Sepulchre at Jerusalem (see Mecca; Mahommedan Religion).
HĀJJĪ KHALĪFA [in full Muṣṭafā ibn ʽAbdallāh Kātib
Chelebī Hājjī Khalīfa] (ca. 1599–1658), Arabic and Turkish
author, was born at Constantinople. He became secretary to
the commissariat department of the Turkish army in Anatolia,
was with the army in Bagdad in 1625, was present at the siege
of Erzerum, and returned to Constantinople in 1628. In the
following year he was again in Bagdad and Hamadān, and in
1633 at Aleppo, whence he made the pilgrimage to Mecca (hence
his title Hājjī). The following year he was in Erivān and then
returned to Constantinople. Here he obtained a post in the
head office of the commissariat department, which afforded
him time for study. He seems to have attended the lectures of
great teachers up to the time of his death, and made a practice
of visiting bookshops and noting the titles and contents of all
books he found there. His largest work is the Bibliographical
Encyclopaedia written in Arabic. In this work, after five chapters
dealing with the sciences generally, the titles of Arabian, Persian
and Turkish books written up to his own time are arranged in
alphabetical order. With the titles are given, where possible,
short notes on the author, his date, and sometimes the introductory
words of his work. It was edited by G. Flügel with
Latin translation and a useful appendix (7 vols. Leipzig, 1835–1858).
The text alone of this edition has been reproduced at
Constantinople (1893).
Hājjī Khalīfa also wrote in Turkish: a chronological conspectus of general history (translated into Italian by G. R. Carli, Venice, 1697); a history of the Turkish empire from 1594 to 1655 (Constantinople, 1870); a history of the naval wars of the Turks (Constantinople, 1729; chapters 1-4 translated by J. Mitchell, London, 1831); a general geography published at Constantinople, 1732 (Latin trans. by M. Norberg, London and Gotha, 1818; German trans. of part by J. von Hammer, Vienna, 1812; French trans. of part by V. de St Martin in his Geography of Asia Minor, vol. 1).
For his life see the preface to Flügel’s edition; list of his works in C. Brockelmann’s Gesch. d. arabischen Literatur (Berlin, 1902), vol. ii., pp. 428-429. (G. W. T.)
HAKE, EDWARD (fl. 1579), English satirist, was educated
under John Hopkins, the part-author of the metrical version of
the Psalms. He resided in Gray’s Inn and Barnard’s Inn,
London. In the address “To the Gentle Reader” prefixed to
his Newes out of Powles Churchyard . . . Otherwise entitled
Syr Nummus (2nd ed., 1579) he mentions the “first three yeeres
which I spent in the Innes of Channcery, being now about a
dosen of yeeres passed.” In 1585 and 1586 he was mayor of
New Windsor, and in 1588 he represented the borough in parliament.
His last work was published in 1604. He was protected
by the earl of Leicester, whose policy it was to support the Puritan
party, and who no doubt found a valuable ally in so vigorous
a satirist of error in clerical places as was Hake. Newes out of
Paules Churchyarde, A Trappe for Syr Monye, first appeared
in 1567, but no copy of this impression is known, and it was
re-issued in 1579 with the title quoted above. The book takes
the form of a dialogue between Bertulph and Paul, who meet in
the aisles of the cathedral, and is divided into eight “satyrs,”
dealing with the corruption of the higher clergy and of judges,
the greed of attorneys, the tricks of physicians and apothecaries,
the sumptuary laws, extravagant living, Sunday sports, the
abuse of St Paul’s cathedral as a meeting-place for business and
conversation, usury, &c. It is written in rhymed fourteen-syllable
metre, which is often more comic than the author intended. It
contains, amid much prefatory matter, a note to the “carping
and scornefull Sicophant,” in which he attacks his enemies with
small courtesy and much alliteration. One is described as a
“carping careless cankerd churle.”
He also wrote a translation from Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation, or Following of Christ (1567, 1568); A Touchstone for this Time Present (1574), a scurrilous attack on the Roman Catholic Church, followed by a treatise on education; A Commemoration of the . . . Raigne of . . . Elizabeth (1575), enlarged in 1578 to A Joyfull Continuance of the Commemoration, &c.; and of Gold’s Kingdom, and this Unhelping Age (1604), a collection of pieces in prose and verse, in which the author inveighs against the power of gold. A bibliography of these and of Hake’s other works was compiled by Mr Charles Edmonds for his edition in 1872 of the Newes (Isham Reprints, No. 2, 1872).
HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1800–1895), English poet, was born at Leeds, of an old Devonshire family, on the 10th of March 1809. His mother was a Gordon of the Huntly branch. He studied medicine at St George’s hospital and at Edinburgh and Glasgow, but had given up practice for many years before his death, and had devoted himself to a literary life. In 1839 he published a prose epic Vates, republished in Ainsworth’s magazine as Valdarno, which attracted the attention of D. G. Rossetti. In after years he became an intimate member of the circle of friends and followers gathered round Rossetti, who so far departed from his usual custom as to review Hake’s poems in the Academy and in the Fortnightly Review. In 1871 he published Madeline; 1872, Parables and Tales; 1883, The Serpent Play; 1890, New Day Sonnets; and in 1892 his Memoirs of Eighty Years. Dr Hake’s works had much subtlety and felicity of expression, and were warmly appreciated in a somewhat restricted literary circle. In his last published verse, the sonnets, he shows an advance in facility on the occasional harshness of his earlier work. He was given a Civil List literary pension in 1893, and died on the 11th of January 1895.
