Compendyous Story ... called the Example of Vertu (pr. 1512) and
the Comfort of Lovers (not dated) complete the list of his extant
work.
See also G. Saintsbury, The Flourishing of Romance and the Rise of Allegory (Edin. and Lond., 1897); the same writer’s Hist. of English Prosody (vol. i. 1906); and an article by W. Murison in the Cambridge History of English Literature (vol. ii. 1908).
HAWES, WILLIAM (1785–1846), English musician, was born
in London in 1785, and was for eight years (1793–1801) a chorister
of the Chapel Royal, where he studied music chiefly under Dr
Ayrton. He subsequently held various musical posts, being in
1817 appointed master of the children of the Chapel Royal.
He also carried on the business of a music publisher, and was
for many years musical director of the Lyceum theatre, then
devoted to English opera. In the last-named capacity (July
23rd, 1824), he introduced Weber’s Der Freischütz for the first
time in England, at first slightly curtailed, but soon afterwards
in its entirety. Winter’s Interrupted Sacrifice, Mozart’s Cosi
fan tutte, Marschner’s Vampyre and other important works
were also brought out under his auspices. Hawes also wrote
or compiled the music for numerous pieces. Better were his
glees and madrigals, of which he published several collections.
He also superintended a new edition of the celebrated Triumph
of Oriana. He died on the 18th of February 1846.
HAWFINCH, a bird so called from the belief that the fruit
of the hawthorn (Crataegus Oxyacantha) forms its chief food,
the Loxia coccothraustes of Linnaeus, and the Coccothraustes
vulgaris of modern ornithologists, one of the largest of the finch
family (Fringillidae), and found over nearly the whole of Europe,
in Africa north of the Atlas and in Asia from Palestine to Japan.
It was formerly thought to be only an autumnal or winter-visitor
to Britain, but later experience has proved that, though
there may very likely be an immigration in the fall of the year,
it breeds in nearly all the English counties to Yorkshire, and
abundantly in those nearest to London. In coloration it bears
some resemblance to a chaffinch, but its much larger size and
enormous beak make it easily recognizable, while on closer
inspection the singular bull-hook form of some of its wing-feathers
will be found to be very remarkable. Though not uncommonly
frequenting gardens and orchards, in which as well as in woods
it builds its nest, it is exceedingly shy in its habits, so as seldom
to afford opportunities for observation. (A. N.)
HAWICK, a municipal and police burgh of Roxburghshire,
Scotland. Pop. (1891), 19,204; (1901), 17,303. It is situated
at the confluence of the Slitrig (which flows through the town)
with the Teviot, 10 m. S.W. of Jedburgh by road and 5234 m.
S.E. of Edinburgh by the North British railway. The name
has been derived from the O. Eng. heaih-wic, “the village on the
flat meadow,” or haga-wic, “the fenced-in dwelling,” the Gadeni
being supposed to have had a settlement at this spot. Hawick is
a substantial and flourishing town, the prosperity of which dates
from the beginning of the 19th century, its enterprise having
won for it the designation of “The Glasgow of the Borders.”
The municipal buildings, which contain the free library and
reading-room, stand on the site of the old town hall. The
Buccleuch memorial hall, commemorating the 5th duke of
Buccleuch, contains the Science and Art Institute and a museum
rich in exhibits illustrating Border history. The Academy
furnishes both secondary and technical education. The only
church of historical interest is that of St Mary’s, the third of
the name, built in 1763. The first church, believed to have been
founded by St Cuthbert (d. 687), was succeeded by one dedicated
in 1214, which was the scene of the seizure of Sir Alexander
Ramsay of Dalhousie in 1342 by Sir William Douglas. The
modern Episcopal church of St Cuthbert was designed by Sir
Gilbert Scott. The Moat or Moot hill at the south end of the
town—an earthen mound 30 ft. high and 300 ft. in circumference—is
conjectured to have been the place where formerly the court
of the manor met; though some authorities think it was a
primitive form of fortification. The Baron’s Tower, founded in
1155 by the Lovels, lords of Branxholm and Hawick, and afterwards
the residence of the Douglases of Drumlanrig, is said to
have been the only building that was not burned down during
the raid of Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd earl of Sussex, in April 1570.
At a later date it was the abode of Anne, duchess of Buccleuch
and Monmouth, after the execution of her husband, James,
duke of Monmouth in 1585, and finally became the Tower Hotel.
Bridges across the Teviot connect Hawick with the suburb of
Wilton, in which a public park has been laid out, and St Leonard’s
Park and race-course are situated on the Common, 2 m. S.W.
The town is governed by a provost, bailies and council, and
unites with Selkirk and Galashiels (together known as the
Border burghs) to send a member to parliament. The leading
industries are the manufacture of hosiery, established in 1771,
and woollens, dating from 1830, including blankets, shepherd’s
plaiding and tweeds. There are, besides, tanneries, dye works,
oil-works, saw-mills, iron-founding and engineering works,
quarries and nursery gardens. The markets for live stock and
grain are also important.
In 1537 Hawick received from Sir James Douglas of Drumlanrig a charter which was confirmed by the infant Queen Mary in 1545, and remained in force until 1861, when the corporation was reconstituted by act of parliament. Owing to its situation Hawick was often imperilled by Border warfare and marauding freebooters. Sir Robert Umfraville (d. 1436), governor of Berwick, burned it about 1417, and in 1562 the regent Moray had to suppress the lawless with a strong hand. Neither of the Jacobite risings aroused enthusiasm. In 1715 the discontented Highlanders mutinied on the Common, 500 of them abandoning their cause, and in 1745 Prince Charles Edward’s cavalry passed southward through the town. In 1514, the year after the battle of Flodden, in which the burghers had suffered severely, a number of young men surprised an English force at Hornshole, a spot on the Teviot 2 m. below the town, routed them and bore away their flag. This event is celebrated every June in the ceremony of “Riding the Common”—in which a facsimile of the captured pennon is carried in procession to the accompaniment of a chorus “Teribus, ye Teri Odin,” supposed to be an invocation to Thor and Odin—a survival of Northumbrian paganism. Two of the most eminent natives of the burgh were Dr Thomas Somerville (1741–1830), the historian, and James Wilson (1805–1860), founder of the Economist newspaper and the first financial member of the council for India.
Minto House, 5 m. N.E., is the seat of the earl of Minto. Denholm, about midway between Hawick and Jedburgh, was the birthplace of John Leyden the poet. The cottage in which Leyden was born is now the property of the Edinburgh Border Counties Association, and a monument to his memory has been erected in the centre of Denholm green. Cavers, nearer Hawick, was once the home of a branch of the Douglases, and it is said that in Cavers House are still preserved the pennon that was borne before the Douglas at the battle of Otterburn (Chevy Chase), and the gauntlets that were then taken from the Percy (1388). Two m. S.W. of Hawick is the massive peel of Goldielands—the “watch-tower of Branxholm,” a well-preserved typical Border stronghold. One mile beyond it, occupying a commanding site on the left bank of the Teviot, stands Branxholm Castle, the Branksome Hall of The Lay of the Last Minstrel, once owned by the Lovels, but since the middle of the 15th century the property of the Scotts of Buccleuch, and up to 1756 the chief seat of the duke. It suffered repeatedly in English invasions and was destroyed in 1570. It was rebuilt next year, the peel, finished five years later, forming part of the modern mansion. About 3 m. W. of Hawick, finely situated on high ground above Harden Burn, a left-hand affluent of Borthwick Water, is Harden, the home of Walter Scott (1550–1629), an ancestor of the novelist.
HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word,
cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold,
cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere), a word of somewhat indefinite
meaning, being often used to signify all diurnal birds-of-prey
which are neither vultures nor eagles, and again more exclusively
for those of the remainder which are not buzzards, falcons,
harriers or kites. Even with this restriction it is comprehensive
enough, and will include more than a hundred species, which have
been arrayed in genera varying in number from a dozen to above
a score, according to the fancy of the systematizer. Speaking
generally, hawks may be characterized by possessing comparatively
short wings and long legs, a bill which begins to decurve
directly from the cere (or soft bare skin that covers its base),
and has the cutting edges of its maxilla (or upper mandible)
