TRIBES]
INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN
459
Tribe. | Stock. | Situation, Population, &c. | Degree of Intermixture. |
Condition, Progress, &c. | Authorities. |
Abnaki. | Algonkian. | At Becancour, Quebec, 27; at St François du Lac and Pierreville, 330. Decreasing. | Probably no pure blood left. | As civilized as the neighbouring whites. All Catholics. | Maurault, Hist. des Abenaquis (Quebec, 1866); Jack, Trans. Canad. Inst., 1892–1893. |
Acnomawi (Pit river Indians). | Shastan. | N.E. California. About 1100 in the Pit river region; also 50 or 60 on the Klamath Reservation, Oregon. | Little. | Progress very slow; influence of schools felt. Klamath Achomawi under Methodist influence. | Powers, Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol., vol. iii., 1877; various writings of Dr R. B. Dixon, American Anthropologist, 1905–1908, &c. |
Aleuts. | Eskimoan. | Aleutian Islands and part of Alaska. About 1600. Decreasing. | About 50% are mixed bloods. | “Decaying.” Once converted to Greek Orthodox church. Methodist mission at Unalaska. | Works (in Russian) of Veniaminov, 1840–1848; Golder, Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1905–1907; Chamberlain, Dict. Relig. and Ethics (Hastings, vol. i., 1908). |
Amalecttes (Maliseets). | Algonkian. | 106 at Viger (Cacouna, Quebec); 702 in various parts of W. New Brunswick. Apparently increasing. | Probably few pure bloods. | Fairly good. At Viger industrially unsettled. Catholics. | Writings of S. T. Rand; Chamberlain (M.), Maliseet Vocabuilary (Cambridge, 1899). |
Apache. | Athabaskan. | In Arizona, 4879; New Mexico, 1244; Oklahoma, 453. Not rapidly decreasing as formerly thought. | Considerable Spanish blood due to captives, &c. | Marked improvement here and there. Catholic and Lutheran missions. | Cremony, Life among the Apaches (1868); Bourke, 9th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1887–1888, and Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1890; Hrdlička, American Anthropologist, 1905. |
Arapaho. | Algonkian. | 358 at Ft. Belknap Reservation, Montana; 873 at Wind river Reservation, Wyoming; 885 in Oklahoma. Holding their own. | Some Spanish (Mexican) blood in places. | Oklahoma Arapaho American citizens; progress elsewhere. Mennonite missions chiefly; also Dutch Reformed. | Writings of Kroeber and Dorsey, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1900–1907, and Publ. Field Columb. Mus., 1903; Scott, Amer. Anthrop., 1907. |
Assiniboin. | Siouan. | In Montana, 1248; Alberta, 971; Saskatchewan, 420. | Some little. | In Canada “steady advance,” elsewhere good. Alberta Assiniboins are Methodists; in Montana Catholic and Presbyterian missions on reservations. | Maclean, Canadian Savage Folk (Toronto, 1890); McGee, 15th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1893–1894. |
Babines. | Athabaskan. | 530 on Babine Lake, Bulkley river, &c., in central British Columbia. | Little, if any. | Conservative. Little progress. Reached by Catholic mission of Stuart Lake, B.C. | Morice, Anthropos, 1906–1007, and Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario, 1905, and other writings. |
Bannock. | Shoshonian. | About 500 at Ft. Hall, and 78 at Lemhi Agency, Idaho. | Little. | Considerable improvement morally and industrially. | Hoffman, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1886; Mooney, 14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1892–1893; Lowie, Anthrop. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1909. |
Beaver. | Athabaskan. | About 700 on Peace river, a western affluent of Lake Athabaska. | Very little. | Rather stationary. | See Babines. |
Bilqula (Bellacoola). | Salishan. | 287 on Dean Inlet, Bentinck Arm, Bellacoola river, &c., coast of central British Columbia. Decreasing. | Little. | Not very encouraging. Mission influence not yet strongly felt. | Boas, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1891, and Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1898. |
Blackfeet (Siksika). | Algonkian. | About 824 in Alberta, Canada. Decreasing. | Little. | Steadily improving morally and financially. Anglicans, 237; Catholics, 260; pagans, 327. | Maclean, Canadian Savage Folk (Toronto, 1890), and other writings; Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge-Tales (N.Y., 1903), and other writings; Wissler, Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario, 1905; Schultz, My Life as an Indian (N.Y., 1907); Wissler, Anthrop. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1908. |
Bloods. | Algonkian. | 1168 near Ft. Macleod, Alberta. Probably decreasing somewhat. | Little. | All able-bodied Indians will soon be self-supporting. Presbyterians, 150; Catholics, 150; the rest pagan. | See Blackfeet. |
Caddo. | Caddoan. | 550 in Oklahoma. Increasing slightly. | Considerable French blood. | Citizens of United States. Catholic, Methodist and Presbyterian missions. | Mooney, 14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1892–1893; writings of Fletcher, Dorsey, &c. |
Cariboo-Eaters. | Athabaskan. | 1700 in the region E. of Lake Athabaska, N.W. Canada. | Little, if any. | Little progress. | See Babines. |
Carriers. | Athabaskan. | 970 between Tatla Lake and Ft. Alexandria, central British Columbia. | Little. | Semi-sedentary and naturally progressive as Indians; improvements beginning to be marked. Under influence of Catholic mission at Stuart Lake, B.C. | Morice, Proc. Canad. Inst., 1889, Trans. Canad. Inst., 1894, Hist. of Northern Inter. of British Columbia (Toronto, 1904), and other writings. See Babines. |
Catawba. | Siouan. | About 100 on the Catawba river, York county, South Carolina. Decreasing. | Much mixed with white blood. | Slowly adopting white man's ways. Chiefly farmers. | Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (Washington, 1894); Gatschet, American Anthropologist, 1900; Harrington, ibid., 1908. |
Cayuga. | Iroquoian. | 179 on the Iroquois Reservations in New York State; 1044 with the Six Nations in Ontario; also some with the Seneca in Oklahoma and with Oneida in Wisconsin. | Some English admixture. | Canadian Cayuga steadily improving; they are “pagan.” | See Six Nations. |
Cayuse. | Wailatpuan. | 405 on Umatilla Reservation, Oregon | About 14 are of mixed blood, chiefly French. | Conditions improving. Good work of Catholic and Presbyterian missions. | Mowry, Marcus Whitman (1901); Lewis, Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Assoc., 1906. |
Chehalis. | Salishan. | 182 on Puyallup Reservation, Washington. Perhaps increasing slightly. | No data. | Gradually improving and generally prosperous. Congregational mission. | Gibbs, Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol., vol. iii., 1877; Eells, Hist. of Ind. Missions on the Pacific Coast (N.Y., 1882), and other writings. |
Chemehuevi. | Shoshonian. | About 300 on the Colorado Reservation; a few elsewhere in Arizona and California. | No data. | Some improvement. Missions of the Presbyterians and of the Church of the Nazarene. | See Ute. |
Cherokee. | Iroquoian. | About 28,000, of which 1489 are in North Carolina and the rest in Oklahoma. | Not more than 14 are of approximately pure blood. | Oklahoma Cherokee citizens of the United States, and making excellent progress. Various religious faiths. | Royce, 5th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1883–1884; Mooney, 7th Rep., 1885–1886, and especially 19th Rep., 1897–1898. |