460
INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN
[TRIBES
Tribe. | Stock. | Situation, Population, &c. | Degree of Intermixture. |
Condition, Progress, &c. | Authorities. |
Cheyenne. | Algonkian. | 1440 northern Cheyenne in Montana, 1894 southern Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Former increasing, latter decreasing. | Some white blood from captives, &c. | Southern Cheyenne citizens of United States; Mennonite mission doing good work. Northern Cheyenne making progress as labourers, &c.; Mennonite and Catholic missions. | Mooney, 14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1892–1893; Dorsey, Publ. Field Columb. Mus., 1905 ; Grinnell, Intern. Congr. Americanists, 1902–1906; Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1907–1908; Amer. Anthrop., 1902–1906; Mooney and Petter, Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Assoc., 1907. |
Chickahominy. | Algonkian. | Some 220 on Chickahominy river, Virginia. | No pure bloods left. Considerable negro admixture. | Fishers and Farmers. | Tooker, Algonquian Series (N.Y., 1900); Mooney, Amer. Anthrop., 1907. |
Chickasaw. | Muskogian. | 5558 in Oklahoma. | Large admixture of white blood. | American citizens and progressing well. Various religious faiths. | Speck, Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1907, and Amer. Anthrop., 1907. |
Chilcotin. | Athabaskan. | About 450 on Chilcotin river, in S. central British Columbia. | Little. | Fairly laborious, but clinging to native customs, though making progress. Catholic mission influence. | Writings of Morice (see Carriers); Farrand, Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1900. |
Chilkat. | Koluschan. | About 700 at head of Lynn Canal, Alaska. Decreasing. | No data. | Little progress. | Emmons and Boas, Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1908. |
Chinook. | Chinookan. | About 300 in Oregon. Decreasing. | Some little. | Stationary or “worse.” | Boas, Chinook Texts (Washington, 1894), and other writings; Sapir, Amer. Anthrop., 1907. |
Chipewyan. | Athabaskan. | About 3000 in the region S. of Lake Athabaska, N.W. Canada. | Some Canadian-French admixture. | Coming to be more influenced by the whites. Reached by Catholic missions. | Writings of Petitot, Legoff, Morice (see Babines), &c.; Morice, Anthropos, 1906–1907, and Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario, 1905. |
Chippewa (Ojibwa) | Algonkian. | About 18,000 in Ontario, Manitoba, &c.; nearly the same number in the United States (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, N. Dakota). | Much French and English admixture in various regions. | Good progress. Many Indians quite equal to average whites of neighbourhood. Among the Canadian Chippewa the Methodists, Catholics and Anglicans are well represented; among those in the United States the Catholics and Episcopalians chiefly, also Methodists, Lutherans, &c. A number of native ministers. | Warren, Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1885; Blackbird, Ottawa and Chippewa Indians (1887); W. Jones, Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario, 1905; Hugolin, Congr. int. d. Amér. (Quebec, 1906); P. Jones, Hist. Ojebway Inds. (1861). |
Choctaw. | Muskogian. | 17,529 in Oklahoma; 1356 in Mississippi and Louisiana. | Large element of wnite and some negro blood. | Citizens of United States, making good progress. Various religious faiths. | Gatschet, Migration Legend of Creeks (1884–1888); Speck, Amer. Anthrop., 1907. |
Clayoquot. | Wakashan. | 224 in the region of Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island. Decreasing. | No data. | Rather stationary, but beginning to improve. Influence or Catholic mission and industrial school. | See Nootka. |
Clallam. | Salishan. | 354 on Puyallup Reservation, Washington. | Little. | Improving, but suffering from white contact. Congregationalist mission. | Eells in Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1887, and other writings. |
Colville. | Salishan. | 316 at Colville Agency, Washington. Decreasing slightly. | Some Canadian-French, &c. | Improving. | See Chehalis. |
Comanche. | Shoshonian. | 1408 in Oklahoma. Now holding their own. | Some due to Spanish (Mexican) captives, &c. | Good progress, in spite of white impositions. | Mooney, 14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1892–1893. |
Cowichan. | Salishan. | About 1000 on E. coast of Vancouver Island, and on islands in Gulf of Georgia. | Little. | Industrious; steady progress. Catholic and Methodist missions, chiefly former. | Hill-Tout, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1902, and Trans. R. Anthrop. Inst., 1907; Boas, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1889. |
Cree. | Algonkian. | About 12,000 in Manitoba, and some 5000 in Saskatchewan, Alberta, Keewatin, &c. | Large element of French, Scottish and English blood. | Slow but steady progress (except with a few bands). Catholics, Methodists and Anglirans strongly represented by missions and church members; many Presbyterians also. | Writings of Petitot, Lacombe, Horden, Bell, Watkins, Evans, Young, &c.; Lacombe, Dict. de la langue des Cris (1876); Russell, Explor. in the Far North (1898); Stewart, Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario, 1905; Maclean, Canad. Sav. Folk ( 1890). |
Creek. | Muskogian. | 11,000 in Oklahoma. | Large element of white blood; some negro. | American citizens, making good progress. Various religious faiths. | Gatschet, Migration Legend of the Creeks (1884–1888); Speck, Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Assoc., 1907. |
Crows (Absaroka). | Siouan. | 1804 at Crow Agency, Montana. | Little. | Improving industrially and financially. Morals still bad. | Simms, Publ. Field Columb. Mus., 1903; Schultz, My Life as an Indian (N.Y., 1907). |
Dakota (Santee, Yankton, Teton — Sioux). | Siouan. | About 18,000 in South and 4400 in North Dakota; 3200 in Montana; 900 in Minnesota. Seemingly decreasing. | Considerable white blood, varying with different sections. | Capable of and making good progress. Episcopal, Catholic, Congregational missions with good results. | Writings of Dorsey, Riggs, Eastman, &c. Riggs, Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol., vol. vii., 1890, and vol. ix., 1893; Wissler, Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1907; Eastman, Indian Boyhood (1902). |
Delaware. | Algonkian. | In Oklahoma, 800 with Cherokee and 90 with Wichita; 164 with Six Nations in Ontario. | Considerable. | Oklahoma, Delaware, U.S. citizens, and progressing; Canadians making also good progress. | Brinton, Lenápé and their Legends (Phila., 1885), and Essays of an Americanist (1890); Nelson, Indians of New Jersey (1894). |
Dog-Ribs. | Athabaskan. | About 1000 in the region E. of the Hares, to Back river, N.W. Canada. | Little. | “Wild and indolent,” not yet much under white influence. | See Chipewyans, Carriers. |
Eskimo (Greenland). | Eskimoan. | West coast, 10,500; East coast, 500. Slowly increasing. | Large element of white blood, estimated already in 1855 at 30%. | More or less “civilized” and “Christian” as result of Moravian missions. | Writings of Rink, Holm, Nansen, Peary. Rink, Tales and Trad. of the Eskimo (Lond., 1875) and Eskimo Tribes (1887); Nansen, Eskimo Life (1893); Thalbitzer, Eskimo Language (1904). |
Eskimo (Labrador). | Eskimoan. | About 1300. | Considerable on S.E. coast. | Much improvement due to Moravian and (later) other Protestant missions. | Packard, Amer. Naturalist, 1885; Turner, 11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., 1889–1890. |