commissary. In the confusion during the following years the burial place of Paul Jones was forgotten; but in June 1899 General Horace Porter, American ambassador to France, began a systematic search for the body, and after excavations on the site of the old Protestant cemetery, now covered with houses, a leaden coffin was discovered, which contained the body in a remarkable state of preservation. In July 1905 a fleet of American war-ships carried the body to Annapolis, where it now rests in one of the buildings of the naval academy.
Jones was a seaman of great bravery and technical ability, but over-jealous of his reputation and inclined to be querulous and boastful. The charges by the English that he was a pirate were particularly galling to him. Although of unprepossessing appearance, 5 ft. 7 in. in height and slightly round-shouldered, he was noted for his pleasant manners and was welcomed into the most brilliant courts of Europe.
Romance has played with the memory of Paul Jones to such an extent that few accounts of his life are correct. Of the early biographies the best are Sherburne’s (London, 1825), chiefly a collection of Jones’s correspondence; the Janette-Taylor Collection (New York, 1830), containing numerous extracts from his letters and journals; and the life by A. S. MacKenzie (2 vols., New York, 1846). In recent years a number of new biographies have appeared, including A. C. Buell’s (2 vols., 1900), the trustworthiness of which has been discredited, and Hutchins Hapgood’s in the Riverside Biographical Series (1901). The life by Cyrus Townsend Brady in the “Great Commanders Series” (1900) is perhaps the best.
JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649), British soldier. His father was
bishop of Killaloe in Ireland. At the outbreak of the English
Civil War he was studying law, but he soon took service in
the army of the king in Ireland. He was present with Ormonde’s
army in many of the expeditions and combats of the devastating
Irish War, but upon the conclusion of the “Irish Cessation”
(see Ormonde, James Butler, Duke of) he resolved to leave
the king’s service for that of the parliament, in which he soon
distinguished himself by his activity and skill. In the Welsh
War, and especially at the last great victory at Rowton Heath,
Jones’s cavalry was always far superior to that of the Royalists,
and in reward for his services he was made governor of Chester
when that city fell into the hands of the parliament. Soon
afterwards Jones was sent again to the Irish War, in the capacity
of commander-in-chief. He began his work by reorganizing
the army in the neighbourhood of Dublin, and for some time he
carried on a desultory war of posts, necessarily more concerned
for his supplies than for a victory. But at Dungan Hill he
obtained a complete success over the army of General Preston,
and though the war was by no means ended, Jones was able to
hold a large tract of country for the parliament. But on the
execution of Charles I., the war entered upon a new phase, and
garrison after garrison fell to Ormonde’s Royalists. Soon Jones
was shut up in Dublin, and then followed a siege which was
regarded both in England and Ireland with the most intense
interest. On the 2nd of August 1649 the Dublin garrison
relieved itself by the brilliant action of Rathmines, in which
the royal army was practically destroyed. A fortnight later
Cromwell landed with heavy reinforcements from England.
Jones, his lieutenant-general, took the field; but on the 19th
of December 1649 he died, worn out by the fatigues of the campaign.
JONES, OWEN (1741–1814), Welsh antiquary, was born
on the 3rd of September 1741 at Llanvihangel Glyn y Myvyr in
Denbighshire. In 1760 he entered the service of a London
firm of furriers, to whose business he ultimately succeeded.
He had from boyhood studied Welsh literature, and later
devoted time and money to its collection. Assisted by Edward
William of Glamorgan (Iolo Morganwg) and Dr. Owen Pughe, he
published, at a cost of more than £1000, the well-known Myvyrian
Archaiology of Wales (1801–1807), a collection of pieces dating
from the 6th to the 14th century. The manuscripts which he
had brought together are deposited in the British Museum;
the material not utilized in the Myvyrian Archaiology amounts
to 100 volumes, containing 16,000 pages of verse and 15,300
pages of prose. Jones was the founder of the Gwyneddigion
Society (1772) in London for the encouragement of Welsh
studies and literature; and he began in 1805 a miscellany—the
Greal—of which only one volume appeared. An edition of
the poems of Davydd ab Gwilym was also issued at his expense.
He died on the 26th of December 1814 at his business premises in
Upper Thames Street, London.
JONES, OWEN (1809–1874), British architect and art decorator,
son of Owen Jones, a Welsh antiquary, was born in London.
After an apprenticeship of six years in an architect’s office,
he travelled for four years in Italy, Greece, Turkey, Egypt
and Spain, making a special study of the Alhambra. On his
return to England in 1836 he busied himself in his professional
work. His forte was interior decoration, for which his formula
was: “Form without colour is like a body without a soul.”
He was one of the superintendents of works for the Exhibition
of 1851 and was responsible for the general decoration of
the Crystal Palace at Sydenham. Along with Digby Wyatt,
Jones collected the casts of works of art with which the palace
was filled. He died in London on the 19th of April 1874.
Owen Jones was described in the Builder for 1874 as “the most potent apostle of colour that architectural England has had in these days.” His range of activity is to be traced in his works: Plans, Elevations and Details of the Alhambra (1835–1845), in which he was assisted by MM. Goury and Gayangos; Designs for Mosaic and Tesselated Pavements (1842); Polychromatic Ornament of Italy (1845); An Attempt to Define the Principles which regulate the Employment of Colour in Decorative Arts (1852); Handbook to the Alhambra Court (1854); Grammar of Ornament (1856), a very important work; One Thousand and One Initial Letters (1864); Seven Hundred and Two Monograms (1864); and Examples of Chinese Ornament (1867).
JONES, RICHARD (1790–1855), English economist, was
born at Tunbridge Wells. The son of a solicitor, he was intended
for the legal profession, and was educated at Caius College,
Cambridge. Owing to ill-health, he abandoned the idea of the
law and took orders soon after leaving Cambridge. For several
years he held curacies in Sussex and Kent. In 1833 he was
appointed professor of political economy at King’s College,
London, resigning this post in 1835 to succeed T. R. Malthus in
the chair of political economy and history at the East India
College at Haileybury. He took an active part in the commutation
of tithes in 1836 and showed great ability as a tithe
commissioner, an office which he filled till 1851. He was for some
time, also, a charity commissioner. He died at Haileybury,
shortly after he had resigned his professorship, on the 26th of
January 1855. In 1831 Jones published his Essay on the Distribution
of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation, his most important
work. In it he showed himself a thorough-going critic of the
Ricardian system.
Jones’s method is inductive; his conclusions are founded on a wide observation of contemporary facts, aided by the study of history. The world he professed to study was not an imaginary world, inhabited by abstract “economic men,” but the real world with the different forms which the ownership and cultivation of land, and, in general, the conditions of production and distribution, assume at different times and places. His recognition of such different systems of life in communities occupying different stages in the progress of civilization led to his proposal of what he called a “political economy of nations.” This was a protest against the practice of taking the exceptional state of facts which exists, and is indeed only partially realized, in a small corner of our planet as representing the uniform type of human societies, and ignoring the effects of the early history and special development of each community as influencing its economic phenomena. Jones is remarkable for his freedom from exaggeration and one-sided statement; thus, whilst holding Malthus in, perhaps, undue esteem, he declines to accept the proposition that an increase of the means of subsistence is necessarily followed by an increase of population; and he maintains what is undoubtedly true, that with the growth of population, in all well-governed and prosperous states, the command over food, instead of diminishing, increases.
A collected edition of Jones’s works, with a preface by W. Whewell, was published in 1859.
JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819–), English geologist and palaeontologist, was born in London on the 1st of October 1819. While at a private school at Ilminster, his attention was attracted to geology by the fossils that are so abundant in the Lias quarries. In 1835 he was apprenticed to a surgeon at Taunton, and he completed his apprenticeship in 1842 at
