similar department in Paris. The U.S. Navy Department asked that an officer might be sent to Washington; shortly after his arrival a dazzle department was formed to deal with U.S. shipping. The Belgian Government arranged for all their mer- chant vessels to be dealt with directly in the British department. Complete sets of plans were forwarded to Italy and Japan.
All U.S. destroyers and other patrol vessels in European waters were painted from plans supplied from the British department.
The number of vessels saved by this device can never be definitely ascertained as it cannot be known how many attacks were broken off by enemy submarines owing to a wrong position having been taken up as a result of inaccurate estimation of the vessel's course due to the dazzle painting. But the rapid ex- pansion to all Allied merchant shipping showed that the au- thorities were satisfied that it played a great part.
Approximately 4,000 merchant ships were painted and up- wards of 400 war-vessels engaged principally in convoy and patrol duties were also painted. The total cost of painting amounted to some 2,500,000. (N. W.)
CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA [MRS. PATRICK CAMPBELL]
(1865- ), English actress (see 5.127), appeared at the Haymarket theatre, London, in Lady Patricia in 1911, and later in
the same year at the St. James's theatre in Bella Donna. She
also played Eliza Doolittle in Mr. Shaw's Pygmalion at His
Majesty's theatre in 1914, and Leonora in Barrie's The Adored
One at the Duke of York's theatre in 1913. In 1914 she married
Mr. George Cornwallis-West. In 1917 she appeared in B. Veiller's
American melodrama, The Thirteenth Chair, at the Duke of York's
theatre, London, and in Nov. 1920 she played Lady Macbeth
in Mr. James K. Hackett's production of Macbeth at the Ald-
wych. Her daughter, Stella Campbell, also became an actress.
CAMPBELL, SIR FRANCIS J. (1832-1914), British educator, was born near Winchester, Tenn., U.S.A., Oct. 9 1832. Having
been blind from the age of three, he was educated at the school
for the blind at Nashville, Tenn., and later at the university of
Tennessee. He also set himself to learn music, and went to the
conservatoires of Leipzig and Berlin. In 1872 he became prin-
cipal of the Royal Normal College and Academy for the Blind
at Norwood near London, which he, with the ist Duke of West-
minster and other philanthropists, had helped to establish.
He retired in 1912. Amongst his recreations was Alpine climbing,
and in 1885 he ascended Mont Blanc. He died at Norwood
June 30 1914.
CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867- ), British divine
(see 5.130), retired in 1915 from his ministry at the City Temple and in 1916 was ordained a clergyman of the Church of England. He became an hon. chaplain to the Bishop of Birmingham, and in 1917 was appointed vicar of Christ Church, Westminster.
CAMP FIRE GIRLS: see BOY SCOUTS.
CAMPS AND CANTONMENTS: see BARRACKS AND HUTMENTS.
CANADA (see 5.142). Important measures, extending the
boundaries of the provinces of Quebec, Manitoba and Ontario,
were passed by the Canadian Parliament during the session 1911-2.
The areas of the provinces and territories (for which see the
separate articles under each heading) are given in Table I.
TABLE I. Area and Population.
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Area (sq. m.) Pop. per
Provinces
Land
Water
Total
land area
(1911)
Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick
2,184 21,068 27,911
360
74
2,184 21,428 27,985
42-9 23-3
12-6
8uebec
690,865
15-969
706,834
2-9
ntario Manitoba . British Columbia
365,880 231,926 353-4 16
41,382 19,906 2,439
407,262 251,832
355,855
6-9 1-9 i-i
Alberta Saskatchewan .
252,925 243,382
2,360 8,318
255,285 251,700
i'5
2-O
Yukon North-west
206,427
649
207,076
Territories
1,207,926
34,298
1,242,224
Totals .
3,603,910
125,755
3,729,665
2-O
From
U.K.
From U.S.A.
From other countries
Total
1911
123,013
121,451
66,620
311,084
1912
138,121
133,710
82,406
354,237
1913
150,542
139,009
112,881
402,432
1914
142,622
107,530
134,726
384,878
1915
43,276
59,779
41-734
144,789
1916
8,664
36,937
2,936
4 8 ,537
1917
8,282
61,389
5,703
75,374
1918
3-178
71,314
4-582
79,074
1919
9,9H
40,715
7,073
57,702
1920
59-603
49,656
8,077
117,336
1921
74,262
48,059
26,156
148,477
The water area given is exclusive of Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay, the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and all other tidal waters except the part of the St. Lawrence between Pointe-des- Monts and the foot of Lake St. Peter in Quebec.
There was in 1921 a fairly strong movement to unite Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island under a single govern- ment as a province to be known under the old name of Acadia.
Population. The growth of pop. is shown by the following figures: 1871, 3,485,761; 1881, 4,324,810; 1891, 4,833,239; 1901, 5.371,315; 1911, 7*206,643. The pop. in 1921 was estimated at between 8 and 9 millions. The rate of increase of pop. greatly increased after 1896 on account of immigration from Great Britain, the United States and parts of central Europe. There are German settlements in Ontario and Nova Scotia, while Russians, Galicians, Polish and Russian Jews and Scandinavians have emigrated in large numbers to the western provinces and territories.
Immigration. Table II. shows the immigrants entering the coun- try for the fiscal years 1911 to 1921 inclusive.
TABLE II. Immigration.
During 1911-21 18% British, 26% American and 29% of immi- grants from other countries made entry for homesteads in western Canada. These figures do not account for the large number of farmers and farm labourers of the immigrant class who settled in all parts of the Dominion without homesteading. The number of Chinese immigrants during these years was 31,913 and of Japanese 7,195-
Municipal Statistics. Table III. gives the statistics of cities and towns of 10,000 and over, showing population, total assessed value of the taxable property, and liabilities, for the year 1919.
Agriculture. The value of agricultural production in the Domin- ion, including live stock in hand, was in 1918 about $2,360,000,000, or nearly twice the value of the production of manufactures and over 12 times the value of mineral production in the same year. It was estimated by the Department of the Interior that in 1921 there were still 200,000,000 ac. of vacant land in the Middle West available for, or at least susceptible to, some form of agriculture.
The only item of agricultural production in which in 46 years up to 1918 there was shown a decrease was the number of sheep (2,369,- 358 in 1917; 3,155,509 in 1871). It is difficult to account for this, except for the fact that the price of wool was for many years very low, and sheep have always been in Canada what a commercial man would call a side-line. _ Canada, however, is especially well adapted for sheep and goat raising and breeding. There are millions of acres, not only in the West but in the older provinces, that could be used for the purpose without impinging on the other more fertile lands. In portions of Ontario, Nova. Scotia and New Brunswick there is much cleared and partly cleared land apparently going to waste that might be devoted to sheep culture. In the Middle West and in British Columbia there are approximately 50,000,000 ac. suitable for sheep and goat culture. There are no long droughts, as in Australia, and there is comparative immunity from disease; in the past the great enemies of sheep in Canada have been dogs and wild animals.
Factory cheese (194,904,336 Ib. in 1917; 220,833,269 Ib. in 1900) also suffered a decline in production, on account of the greater demand for creamery butter and the more profitable outlet for milk and cream in the urban centres. So great is this latter demand that the whole of N. America is affected by it. In live stock particularly dairy and beef cattle (7,920,940 head in 1917; 2,624,290 in 1871) and swine (3,619,382 in 1917; 1,366,083 in 1871) lies Canada's greatest agricultural prospect, because cattle give to the soil the greatest return in fertility. They are the necessary link in the rotation of crops; and Canada, with her vast area, her abundant water, her adaptability for growing fodder crops, and her advantageous posi- tion in respect of foreign markets for dairy products and meats, is in a position of great advantage. Despite the use of motors, the number of horses in Canada has increased (3,412,749 in 1917), and there is still a good future for selected breeds of draught, riding and race horses.
On account of the labour situation, in which farmers are practically deprived of outside help, agriculture in Canada, as elsewhere in America, resolves itself into self-help, and therefore has become a question of small mixed-farming, limited to special lines in which machinery may be utilized and only a minimum of labour required. In the Maritime Provinces and Ontario farms are practically denuded
