TABLE III. Principal Cities.
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City
Popula- tion
Total assessed value taxable property
Total liabilities
Montreal ....
706,600
$623,820,959
$124,802,327
Toronto . . . .
499,278
642,816,690
109,849,002
Winnipeg ....
200,000
236,023,520
46,122,938
Vancouver ....
123,050
205,044,673
29,054,524
Huebec ....
"4,550
73,038,256
15,702,542
amilton ....
108,143
87,157,890
15,088,922
Ottawa ....
107,732
120,463,606
I9,4 2 3,756
Calgary ....
75,000
77,943,oio
27,850,087
Edmonton ....
66,000
79,306,320
37,585,ioo
Halifax ....
60,000
37,330,810
St. John ....
60,000
46,013,550
5,"4,562
London ....
59,ioo
40,783,044
8,263,283
Victoria ....
50,000
71,897,065
22,823,558
Regina ....
40,000
40,982,515
11,675,961
Brantford ....
33,000
15,718,805
5,202,831
Windsor ....
31,629
32,953,994
3,881,288
Verdun ....
28,432
15,085,400
3,488,372
Hull .....
28,392
9,465,860
2,428,844
Saskatoon ....
28,000
28,433,044
10,234,119
Sydney .... Three Rivers
25,000 25,000
9.245,854 16,356,575
2,075,500 4,835,783
Kingston
23,737
13,016,727
2,023,698
Moose Jaw ....
23,155
20,612,578
8,339,034
Sherbrooke ....
22,583
12,923,261
4,539,104
Peterborough
22,000
13,112,605
2,862,290
Sault St. Marie .
21,500
17.650,175
2,977,878
Kitchener ....
21,052
u,957,859
2,090,486
Fort William
20,000
21,973.480
9.146,431
St. Thomas ....
20,000
10,248,310
270,972
Westmount ....
19,500
44,583,350
6,867,517
St. Catharines .
19,196
15,465,385
5,246,489
Moncton ....
I9,OOO
19,000,000
f
Stratford ....
18,106
8,858,350
2,424,209
Guelph ....
17,032
8,832,030
2,073,730
Lachine . . .
16,500
13,661,338
2,609,049
New Westminster
16,000
16,645,212
6,234,496
Port Arthur
15,000
22,574,399
4,600,107
Sarnia
14,649
11,092,243
1,540,394
Brandon
' 14,421
15,447,978
3,759,070
Niagara Falls
H,307
10,759,286
1,218,709
Charlottetown .
14,000
5,704,308
838,600
Outremont ....
12,650
17,750,251
3,321,446
Gait
12,500
7,580,914
2,008,969
Belleville ....
12,345
6,240,165
1,465,531
St. Boniface
12,225
12,547,265
5,271.528
Lethbridge ....
12,000
11,723,655
4.573.400
New Glasgow
12,000
5,331,530
972,808
Owen Sound
1 1 ,768
7,022,883
1,501,985
Amherst ....
11,000
4,844,430
1,030,163
Medicine Hat
11,000
14,292,838
4,483,238
St. Hyacinthe .
10,541
4,233,8i8
1,313,318
Woodstock ....
10,150
5,428,345
980,468
Levis
10,000
3,556,695
949,7"
of domestic labour. It was felt that the success of the Soldier Settle- ment scheme, which was greater even than had been anticipated, and the wide attention which Canada's agricultural capabilities were attracting in Great Britain and other countries, might do much to relieve the situation. Each province presents its peculiar problems of settlement. In British Columbia, for instance, the opportunities are mainly limited to fruit-growers and those who wish to engage in vegetable and poultry raising and small mixed farming, having live stock always in view. In the Middle West, although the live-stock idea was taking strong root, the prevailing cultivation was in 1921 still wheat, though much attention was being paid by the larger and more progressive farmers to live stock and, so far as possible, to diversified farming. Western Ontario, one of the richest sections of Canada, is devoted to live stock, grain growing, maize, beans, sugar beet, tobacco and fruit. It has the greatest diversity of products, and in addition to a rich soil it has plenty of summer heat, growing tomatoes, peaches and grapes to perfection. Eastern Ontario is less favoured in its climate but rich throughout. Quebec contains much fertile land in the valley of the St. Lawrence, and on account of the habits and instincts of the habitant population is very closely cultivated. The farmers of Quebec are the most contented in Canada. The Maritime Provinces have suffered greatly from emigration to other provinces and to the United States, and a good deal of their useful and once cultivated land is not pro- ducing to anything like its capacity. Repopulation and repatriation are among the needs of parts of Ontario and the Maritime Provinces and are among the greatest problems of Government.
The values (in dollars) of various Canadian agricultural products are given in Tables IV. and V.
TABLE IV. Field Crops.
1918
1919
Wheat (fall) (spring) .... Oats Barley Rye Peas Beans Buckwheat Flax Corn Potatoes Turnips, etc
16,516,000 365,151,700 331,357,400 77,378,670 12,728,600 12,899,100 19,283,900 18,018,100 18,951,000 24,902,800 102,235,300 52,252,000
31,521,000 333,336,000 317,097,000 77,462,700 14,240,000 9,739,300 6,214,800 15,831,000 22,609,500 22,080,000 118,894,700 54,958,700
Hay and Clover .... Grain Hay (B.C.) .... Fodder Corn Sugar Beets Alfalfa Mixed Grains
241,277,300
29,439,100 1,845,000 7,963,500 40,726,500
338,713,200 4,379,000 34,179,500 2,606,000 10,800,200 37,775,400
1,372,935,97"
1,452,437,500
TABLE V. Agricultural Products, etc.
Dairy Products: Factory Butter .... Factory Cheese .... Miscellaneous Total Dairy Products
1917
1918
34,274,218 41,180,623
41,859,156 38,456,532 32,995,241
113,310,929
Live Stock: Horses Milch Cows Other Cattle Sheep Swine Total Live Stock
1918
1919
459,155,000 307,244,000 398,814,000 48,802,000 112,751,000
435,070,000 327,814,000 381,007,000 50,402,000 102,309,000
1,326,766,000
1,296,602,000
Other Products: Eggs and Poultry (estimated) Fruits ......
40,000,000 1,975,841,000
Forests. Canada's annual forest growth is several times in excess of the annual cut. The production of timber was valued at $190,000,000 in 1917. The Federal Government has jurisdiction over the timber of the three Middle West provinces, and of the Territories and of the Railway Belt in British Columbia, and has created Federal reserves to the extent of over 28,000,000 acres. It carries on, in addition, an extensive system of seeding and free dis- tribution of trees in the three prairie provinces. In 1917 it allotted nearly 8,000,000 trees to about 10,000 applicants and the Govern- ment farms had 9,000,000 seedlings and cuttings available for dis- tribution. The provinces have adopted a similar policy of timber reserves, and the total areas reserved increased from 714,000 ac. in 1901 to nearly 153,000,000 ac. in 1917. These timber reserves are also for the maintenance of water supply and for the protection of wild animals and birds. Canada has always had a large export trade in timber and lumber. The total value of unmanufactured products rose from nearly $19,000,000 in 1888 to about $56,000,000 in 1917, and of manufactured products $71,500,000 to $146,330,192 in 1918, one factor in the increase being increased value of wood products.
British Columbia stands first in respect of forest organization and scientific administration. It has a well-organized forest service and has initiated special scientific investigations. This work, however, was hindered by the drafts on skilled man-power during the World War. Ontario has undertaken a reorganization of its protective and administrative work. Quebec, following somewhat in the footsteps of France, recognized the necessity for technical training from the first and has a forest school in connexion with Laval University. In New Brunswick similar steps were being taken in 1921.
Table VI. gives an estimate of Canada's stand of timber, mainly coniferous. In the Prairie Provinces the figures may be taken as representing practically all spruce, which in Ontario comprises 100,000,000,000 ft. of the total; in Quebec 150,000,000,000 ft.; in New Brunswick 16,500,000,000 ft., and in Nova Scotia 15,000,000,- ooofeet. In British Columbia Douglas fir is the dominant timber tree, the rest of the cut being made up of cedar, spruce and one or two minor varieties.
TABLE VI. Timber, in feet.
British Columbia ' 366,000,000,000
Prairie Provinces 60,000,000,000
Ontario 160,000,000,000
Quebec 275,000,000,000
New Brunswick 22,000,000,000
Nova Scotia 20,000,000,000
903,000,000,000
1 British Columbia is credited with 366,000,000,000 ft. of com- mercial timber, but her own forestry experts have estimated it at 400,000,000,000 ft. and even as high as 450,000,000,000 ft.
