the other to read the text-book (Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures), the number of readers in 1910 was 2,402 and in 1920 was 3,608. Statistics of membership are never issued officially; and in 1921 there was nothing later on the subject than the Report on Religious Bodies, published in 1908 by the U. S. Bureau of the Census, showing in the United States in 1906 85,717 members, of whom about 72% were women.
After the death in 1910 of Mary Baker Eddy, the founder and director of the denomination, the board appointed by her became the governing body of the church. Mrs. Eddy's estate, amounting to $2,500,000, was left for the promotion of Christian Science, and in 1914 the trustees announced that the income would be used in providing lectures, in distributing authorized literature throughout the world, in establishing libraries in connexion with churches, societies, and reading-rooms, and, so far as possible, in helping towards the erection of church buildings. Upon the outbreak of the World War in 1914 the Christian Science churches in Paris organized relief activities for war sufferers, and at the end of the year the board of directors of the Mother Church (the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Mass.) appointed a War Relief Committee. Funds were raised from their own members and distributed through authorized representatives in the warring countries; up to May 31 1917 the total receipts for relief work were $310,700 of which $264,400 had been forwarded for distribution. In 1917, after the entrance of the United States into the war, a Camp Welfare Committee was appointed, over 100 welfare rooms were opened in the United States, Canada and Great Britain, and approximately $150,000 expended on buildings and equipment. More than 2,000 persons served without compensation as camp welfare workers and in other capacities. The denomination had nine chaplains in the army and one in the navy. The total amount raised for war work approximated $2,000,000.
The decade 1910–20 witnessed considerable dissension within the church. In 1909 the board of directors of the Mother Church in Boston expelled from the church Mrs. Augusta E. Stetson, who since 1890 had been pastor of the First Church of Christ, Scientist, of New York City. It was charged that Mrs. Stetson was using her influence to insure her succession to the headship of the denomination after Mrs. Eddy's death. This was denied by Mrs. Stetson, who in turn charged the directors with promoting a false and materialistic interpretation of Mrs. Eddy's writings. Although defended by a large number of followers, she quietly resigned her New York pastorship. In 1913 she published her side "of the case in Reminiscences, Sermons and Correspondence Proving Adherence to the Principle of Christian Science as Taught by Mary Baker Eddy. In 1919 a serious dispute arose between the trustees of the Christian Science Publishing Society and the board of directors of the Mother Church. The trustees claimed that the board aimed to create an oligarchy, and was trying to usurp their powers. They denied that they were under the jurisdiction of the board, which, in turn, claimed supreme authority. Through counsel (among whom was Charles E. Hughes) the trustees secured in 1919 a temporary injunction, restraining the board from interfering with the trustees of the publication society. At first the courts seemed to support the contention of the trustees; the majority of the churches apparently sided with the directors. Several cases were reported in which persons associated with the trustees' publications were forbidden by churches to teach in Sunday-schools. The injunction was set aside Nov. 23 1921.
In 1921 the church was issuing the following periodicals: The Christian Science Quarterly Bible Lessons; The Christian Science Journal, a monthly; Der Herald der Christian Science, a monthly, with pages alternately in English and German; Le Heraut de Christian Science, a monthly, with pages alternately in English and French; The Christian Science Sentinel, a weekly; and The Christian Science Monitor, an excellent international daily, published in Boston.
CHRYSTAL, GEORGE (1851–1911), British mathematician, was born near Aberdeen March 8 1851. He was second wrangler at Cambridge in 1875, and was appointed successively professor of mathematics at St. Andrews in 1877 and at Edinburgh in 1879, holding the latter post till his death. He was the author of a standard treatise on algebra as well as of many publications on physical and mathematical subjects, and his researches into the surface oscillations of Scottish lakes won him a Royal medal from the Royal Society. He died at Edinburgh Nov. 3 1911.
CHURCH, ALFRED JOHN (1829–1912), English classical scholar, was born in London Jan. 29 1829. Educated at King's College, London, and Lincoln College, Oxford, he took holy orders and was assistant-master at Merchant Taylors' school for many years. He was professor of Latin at University College, London, from 1880–8 and, in partnership with W. J. Brodribb, translated Tacitus and edited Pliny's Letters; but he is best known by his English re-telling of classical tales and legends for young people (Stories from Virgil, Stories from Homer, etc.). He wrote much Latin and English verse, and in 1908 published his Memories of Men and Books. He died at Richmond, Surrey, April 27 1912.
CHURCHILL, WINSTON (1871–), American writer, was born in St. Louis, Nov. 10 1871. He graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1894. He was conspicuous alike in scholarship and in general student activities. He became an expert fencer and he organized at Annapolis the first eight-oared crew, of which he was for two years captain. He had already decided upon a literary career, and after brief service in the navy he resigned and for a time was connected with the Army and Navy Journal. In 1895 he became managing editor of the Cosmopolitan Magazine; but in less than a year he retired that he might have more time for writing. His first novel, after being twice recast, appeared as The Celebrity, in 1898. His next book, Richard Carvel, appeared in 1899 and had a sale of almost a million copies. Its scene is Maryland during the American Revolution. His next work, The Crisis (1901), opens in St. Louis in the days of the Civil War. The heroine is the great-great-granddaughter of his former hero, Richard Carvel. The intervening period of western expansion, following the Louisiana Purchase, is depicted in The Crossing (1904). His other works are: Coniston (1906, the career of a post-bellum political boss); Mr. Creu Career (1908, the railroads in politics); A Modern Chronicle (1910); The Inside of the Cup (1913, the 20th-century Church); A Far Country (1915, methods of "big business") and The Dwelling Place of Light (1917). All his novels treat of phases of American development, historical or social, and form a sort of chronological sequence. He has written a play in three acts, Dr. Jonathan (1919). Mr. Churchill took an active part in state politics. From 1903 to 1905 he was a member of the Legislature of New Hampshire, and in 1912 he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor on the Progressive ticket.
CHURCHILL, WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER (1874–), English statesman (see 6.347). Mr. Churchill's tenure of the presidency of the Board of Trade, from April 1908, was marked by the production of a scheme in the autumn of that year for the setting up of a court of arbitration in labour disputes, consisting of three persons nominated by the Board, respectively from panels of employers, workmen and "persons of eminence and impartiality." He also welcomed on behalf of the Government an Eight Hours Miners bill. In 1910 he was promoted to the Home Office. Here he had to deal with the dangers arising from the increasing hordes of undesirable aliens who poured into the East End of London. He was present in person at an extraordinary affray in Sidney St., Mile End Road, on Jan. 3 1911, when the police, after a time reinforced by soldiers, were kept at bay for many hours by two foreign burglars who defended themselves in a house with Mauser pistols, and who ultimately perished when the building caught fire and was burnt.
In the autumn of 1911, to the surprise of the public, an exchange of offices was effected between him and Mr. McKenna, and he became First Lord of the Admiralty. Hitherto he had been wont to pose as a disbeliever in the German menace, and an advocate of reductions in British armaments. In Aug. 1908, for instance, he rebuked Lord Cromer for uttering grave words of warning, and ridiculed the bare possibility of an Anglo-German conflict in arms. Early in 1909 he had assisted Mr. Lloyd George in the Cabinet in his unsuccessful endeavour to cut down Mr.
