Page:EB1922 - Volume 31.djvu/418

Years	Imports	Exports	Total Trade
1910–1	$ 3,560,939	$2,908,391	$ 6,469,330
1911–2	4,317,314	3,080,178	7,397,492

1912-3

5,132,679

3,180,968

8,313,647

1913–4

6,624,930

3.421,331

10,046,261

1914-5

5,874,797

3.457,847

9,332,644

1915-6

4-452,109

4,190,565

8,642,674

1916-7

6,293,162

5,353,452

11,646,614

1917-8

4,784,449

4,586,931

9,371,380

1918-9

6,931-376

5,997.741

12,929,117

1919-20

12.860,762

6,944,725

19,805,487

(H. I. P.)

HOOD, HORACE LAMBERT ALEXANDER (1870–1916), British naval officer, was born in London Oct. 2 1870, the third son of the 4th Viscount Hood and a lineal descendant of the 1st viscount, Adml. Sir Samuel Hood, captor of Corsica in 1793 (see 13.665). He entered the navy in 1883, won many prizes, and was promoted lieutenant in 1890. He saw service on the Nile (1897–8), being in consequence promoted commander. In 1903 he was promoted captain and served in the Somaliland expedition (1903–4), being awarded the D.S.O. (1904). He commanded a small squadron of battle cruisers in the battle of Jutland (May 31 1916) and went down on his flagship “Invincible.”

HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON (1817–1911), English botanist (see 13.671), died at Sunningdale, Berks., Dec. 10 1911.

HOOVER, HERBERT CLARK (1874–⁠), American mining engineer and public official, was born of Quaker parentage on a farm at West Branch, la., Aug. 10 1874. He was left an orphan at an early age, his mother dying in 1880 and his father four years later. When 14 years old he ran away from a relative's farm in Oregon and went to Portland where he worked in a real- estate office. When Leland Stanford, Jr., University was opened in 1891 he entered with the first class and specialized in geology and engineering, supporting himself by working at various jobs in free hours. On graduating in 1893 he worked for a time at a California mine to get experience. Then he went to San Francisco and secured employment in the office of a mining engineer. In 1897 he went to Australia as mining engineer for an English syndicate and developed successful mines. In 1899, when a Department of Mines was created by the Chinese Government, he was appointed Director-General of Mines. Before departing for the Orient, he married Miss Lou Henry, a fellow student at college, daughter of a banker at Monterey, Cal. In China he made extensive surveys which, however, were interrupted by the Boxer outbreak; and he, together with his wife, were among those besieged at Tientsin. After his return to America he had other offers from abroad, and thereafter was engaged in mining development throughout the world. From 1902 to 1908 he was a partner in the firm of Bewick, Moreing & Co., London, for whom he had gone to Australia in 1897. Later he was connected with several mining companies, with offices in London, and there he was when the World War broke out in 1914.

At that time thousands of Americans in Europe found their funds shut off, and Mr. Hoover headed a committee in London to give all possible assistance to those in England. The sudden invasion of Belgium by the Germans rendered a large part of the Belgian civilian population destitute, and on Oct. 22 1914 the Commission for Relief in Belgium was organized and Mr. Hoover appointed chairman. All his energies were now directed to secur- ing food and vessels for its transportation and to directing its distribution in Belgium. This involved constant contact with officials of the warring countries, especially those of Germany, but he soon showed that the work was entirely neutral. Later the Commission's activities were extended to devastated northern France. After America's entrance into the World War the work had to be carried on by neutrals, but Mr. Hoover remained chairman of the Commission. Some idea of the business efficiency of the C.R.B., as it was familiarly called, may be gained from the fact that although almost $i',ooo,ooo,ooo was expended on food and transportation, only about one-half of one per cent was required for overhead expenses. In Aug. 1917 he was appointed Federal Food Administrator. Already as chairman of the food section of the Council of National Defense he had begun to marshal all the agencies for economizing, especially on those foods which the Allies needed. He reached every Ameri- can household by enlisting the services of the women. He instituted wheatless days and meatless days, and urged the avoidance of all waste. After the Armistice, 1918, his services were extended to the destitute populations of central Europe. Storehouses of food were established at various centres and a system of food-drafts was devised whereby relatives and friends could send relief where it was needed. In 1920 Mr. Hoover was mentioned as a possible candidate for president. He himself declared that he did not desire nomination, but later agreed to take the Republican nomination if it should be offered him. The party machine, however, did not give him any support. It was declared that he had long lived in England, and in only one case (1896) had he been able to vote for a presidential candidate. Throughout he kept up his work of relief, and at the beginning of 1921 was collecting funds as chairman of the European Relief Council, for the starving children of central Europe. In March he entered the Cabinet of President Harding as Secretary of Commerce, stipulating that he be allowed to carry out his European relief work, already begun. In the autumn of 1921 he undertook the general supervision of relief work in Russia, first having exacted, as a condition, the release of all American prisoners held by the Soviet authorities.

He was the author of Principles of Mining (1909), based on lec- tures given at Stanford and at Columbia universities. In 1912, in collaboration with his wife, he published as a sumptuous folio, with reproductions of the illustrations of the first edition ( 1 556), an English translation of Agricola's De Re Metallica. This Latin treatise on min- ing and metallurgy had remained the standard text-book for almost 200 years after its appearance; the translation, with introduction, annotations, and appendices, was a pious memorial to a pioneer contributor to the knowledge of a great profession. (G. C. S.)

HOPE-HAWKINS, SIR ANTHONY (1863–⁠), English novelist (see 13.682), was knighted in 1918. His later novels include Mrs. Maxon Protests (1911); A Young Man's Year (1915); Captain Dieppe (1918); Beaumaroy Home from the Wars (1919) and Lucinda (1920).

HORNE, CHARLES SYLVESTER (1865–1914), English Non-conformist divine, was born at Cuckfield, Sus., April 15 1865. He was educated at Newport grammar school and Glasgow University, and subsequently studied theology at Mansfield College, Oxford, becoming minister of Kensington Congregational chapel in 1889. In 1892 he married the daughter of Lord Cozens-Hardy, afterwards Master of the Rolls. He was chair- man of the London Congregational Union in 1902, and in 1903 became minister of Whitefield's chapel, Tottenham Court Road. In 1910 he was elected Liberal M.P. for Ipswich. He died suddenly while on a visit to America, May 1 1914.

See Life, by W. B. Selbie (1920).

HORNE, HENRY SINCLAIR HORNE, 1st Baron, (1861–⁠), British general, was born Feb. 1 1861. He joined the Royal Artillery in 1880 and served on the staff throughout the South African War, taking part in Lord Roberts' advance from Cape Colony through the Orange Free State into the Transvaal and in various later operations, for which he was made a brevet lieutenant-colonel. He was promoted colonel in 1906, and from 1910-2 was staff officer for artillery at Aldershot; he then became inspector of artillery, and in Aug. 1914 he went to France in command of the'artillery of the I. Army Corps.

He was promoted major-general for distinguished service in Oct. 1914, and in the following Jan. was given charge of the 2nd Division, which position he filled until Nov., when he went out to the Near East with Lord Kitchener. At the end of the year he was given charge of the XV. Army Corps in Egypt and he took this to France in April 1916 and commanded it during the opening phases of the battle of the Somme. His method of employing his guns during these operations attracted much attention and was signally successful, as was recognized by his being given the K C.B. and by his being chosen in Sept. to succeed Sir C. Monro as leader of the I. Army. He was promoted lieutenant-general at the beginning of 1917, and his troops achieved very marked success during the fighting that took