place about Arras and Lens in the spring. They took no part in the Flanders offensive later in the year, but when the enemy in March and April 1918 made his great effort they repulsed all attacks that were made upon their front. Then, when the Allies' counter-offensive developed in the late summer, their part in the final victories was conspicuous. For his services he was at the beginning of 1919 advanced to the rank of full general and on the final distribution of honours he was raised to the peer- age as Baron Home of Stirkoke and received a grant of 30,000.
HORNE, SIR ROBERT STEVENSON (1871- ), British politician, was born at Slamannan Manse, Stirlingshire, Feb. 28 1871. He was educated at George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and at the university of Glasgow, where in 1893 he took first-class honours in philosophy. In 1895 he became lecturer in philosophy in the University College of North Wales, and from 1896 to 1900 was examiner in philosophy at Aberdeen University. In 1896 he was called to the Scottish bar. In 1910 he became a K.C., and stood unsuccessfully as Conservative candidate for Stirlingshire in both the general elections of that year. He joined the Royal Engineers on the outbreak of war, and in 1917 became assistant inspector-general of transportation. The same year he was made director of the Admiralty department of materials and priority. In 1918 he was elected for the Billhead division of Glasgow, and became director of the Admiralty labour depart- ment, being also made third civil lord of the Admiralty and created K.B.E. In 1919 he became Minister of Labour. He presided over the National Industrial Conference of Feb. and April 1919. In 1920 he became president of the Board of Trade, and received the G.B.E. In 1921 he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in succession to Mr. Austen Chamberlain.
HORSLEY, SIR VICTOR ALEXANDER HADEN (1857-1916), English surgeon, was born at Kensington April 14 1857, the son of the painter John Callcott Horsley. He was educated at Cranbrook school, and afterwards studied medicine at University College hospital, where he took his degrees in medicine and sur- gery in 1878 and 1880. He soon won a reputation as a gifted and successful surgeon, and on the brain in particular he did work of extraordinary brilliance. In 1886 he became surgeon to the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, from 1884 to 1890 was superintendent of the Brown Institute at Lambeth, in 1885 secretary to the Royal Commission on Hydrophobia, and from 1891 to 1893 Fullerian professor at the Royal Institution. From 1893 to 1896 he was professor of pathology at University College, in 1902 he was knighted, and in 1906 became emeritus professor of surgery at University College hospital. In March 1916 he volunteered for service in Mesopotamia. He was sent up country, and died of heat stroke at Amara July 16 1916. Sir Victor Hors- ley was keenly interested in social questions, an ardent advocate of temperance and a strong supporter of woman suffrage. He unsuccessfully contested the university of London as a Liberal in Dec. 1910, and in 1912 came forward as candidate for Market Harborough. Here, however, he received no official support, and retired. He received honours and awards from many univer- sities and scientific societies, and was first chairman of the repre- sentative meeting of the British Medical Association.
See Life by Stephen Paget (1920).
HORTHY DE NAGYBANYA, NIKOLAUS (1868- ), Regent of Hungary in 19201, formerly an Austro-Hungarian naval officer, was born on June 18 1868 of a Hungarian family of Calvinist gentry. During the World War he distinguished him- self, as captain of the battleship " Novara," by raids on the Italians in the Adriatic. He was adjutant to the Emperor- King Charles, and as Admiral and Commander of the Fleet he sur- rendered, at the Imperial command, the Austro-Hungarian fleet to the Jugoslavs when Austria collapsed. During the rule of the Soviet in Budapest he organized in Szeged the counter-revolu- tionary troops, at whose head he marched to Budapest after the fall of the Soviet republic on Nov. 16 1919, and took over the supreme military command in Hungary. As the exercise of the royal power by King Charles IV. was interrupted during the revolutions and on account of foreign complications, Adml. Horthy was, under Article i of the law of Jan. i 1920, elected
regent on March i 1920. This highest position in Hungary he was to occupy indefinitely until otherwise directed by the National Assembly (see HUNGARY).
HORTON, ROBERT FORMAN (1855- ), British Noncon- formist divine (see 13.783), published his Autobiography in 1917.
HOSPITALS (see 13.791). GREAT BRITAIN. During 1910-20, and especially late in that decade, the problem of voluntary hospitals became gradually more acute. Considerable confusion had arisen in the minds of many people by 1921 as to the relative value of the various remedies that had periodically been suggested. Some of these suggested remedies had not received general ap- proval because they failed to meet the situation as a whole; some were obviously devised to meet the pressing needs of an individual hospital heedless of the effect on other similar institutions, while other so-called cures were but attempts to remove some individ- ual symptom. In other words, treatment has often been pre- scribed prior to the diagnosis of the disease. In order adequately to appreciate in broad outline the hospital problem as it presented itself in 1921 in Great Britain, it is necessary to consider its various aspects.
The Principle of Management. There are three ways in which British general hospitals can be managed: they may be (a) controlled by the State; (6) controlled by the local municipality (county or borough councils); or (c) continued on the so-called voluntary basis, as at present.
The advocates of a State hospital service occasionally cite the excellent attainments of the military hospitals during the World War in support of their argument; but it should be pointed out that, although such hospitals were State institutions in so far as they were staffed and financed by the State, their success was in no small measure contributed to by the great volume of volun- tary aid supplied in the form of personal service at the central hospitals as well as in the auxiliary institutions, which proved such a valuable adjunct to the military hospital system. The question of municipal control of the general hospitals of the country was discussed in Parliament and in the public press in 1920 in connexion with the Miscellaneous Provisions of Health Bill introduced by the Minister of Health, with the result that it soon became apparent how widespread was the opposition to the possibility of any such contingency. The opposition appeared to crystallize round the idea that the general hospitals would thus be brought into close proximity to, and therefore likely to be influenced by, the fluctuating tides of local politics. With pos- sibly a preponderating vote for Labour in one area, and in another the controlling vote in favour of a policy for the reduction of local rates, the obvious result would be a disparity in the amount of hospital provision and in efficiency of management even greater than exists at present throughout the country. In the bill referred to, as originally introduced, the Minister of Health asked Parlia- ment for powers to enable the county and borough councils (i) to supply and maintain hospitals, including out-patients' de- partments for the treatment of illnesses; (2) to contribute on such terms and conditions as the Minister may approve to any voluntary hospital or similar institution within their area. The Minister of Health repeatedly announced his desire to main- tain the voluntary hospitals on their existing basis, but in asking for such wide powers in his bill he roused the opposition of many who read more into the bill than the minister really intended.
Although the bill never reached the Statute Book, it will doubt- less be regarded by the hospital historian as having been the means of the voluntary hospital system making a real step for- ward, for out of the discussion on the bill came the establishment of the committee presided over by Visct. Cave, a body appointed by the Minister of Health " to consider the present financial position of voluntary hospitals and to make recommendations as to any action which should be taken to assist them." The appointment of this committee met with widespread approval, for all genuinely interested in British hospitals realize that the first essential step prior to any legislation is to investigate the evidence from the country as a whole and thus ascertain the existing " facts " from which to evolve some solution of the present problem. The Cave Committee was appointed on Jan. 25
