文 Ch'üan-hsüeh wên (1656); and a work urging the people to good deeds, entitled 勸善要言 Ch'üan-shan yao-yen (1656). This prevailing official emphasis on ethics was probably part of a program designed to inculcate submissiveness on a newly-conquered and restive people.
The catalogue of the Ch'ien-lung imperial collection of calligraphy and paintings, Shih-ch'ü pao-chi (see under Chang Chao) lists four specimens of Fu-lin's calligraphy and fifteen of his paintings. The paintings were done in the years 1655–56. It is reported that Fu-lin was apt at chih-t'ou hua 指頭畫 or "finger-nail painting" which gained popularity in the Ch'ing period. Another representative of this school was Kao Ch'i-p'ei 高其佩 (T. 且園, H. 韋之, d. 1734), a member of the Chinese Bordered White Banner (later he was elevated to the Bordered Yellow Banner) who served as a vice-president of the Board of Punishments (1723–27) and as lieutenant-general of a Banner (1724–29).
[1/159/1a; 1/4/1a–1/5/25a; Tung-hua lu, Shun-chih; Ch'ing Huang-shih ssŭ-p'u (see under Fu-lung-an); Ch'ing lieh-ch'ao Hou Fei chuan-kao (see under Su-shun) shang 52–79; Ssŭ-k'u, passim; Mêng Sên 孟森, 清初三大疑案考實 Ch'ing-ch'u san ta i-an k'ao shih (1934); 西天目山志 Hsi T'ien-mu-shan chih (1876) 2/27b, 8/18b; T'ien-t'ung ssŭ chih (1851) 3/52; Hsieh Kuo-chên 謝國楨, 清開國史料考 Ch'ing k'ai-kuo shih-liao k'ao; Ch'ên Yüan 陳垣, 湯若望與木陳忞 T'ang Jo-wang yü Mu-ch'ên Min in 輔仁學誌 Fu-jên Hsüeh-chih, vol. 7, pp. 1–27; idem, 語錄與順治宮庭 Yü-lu yü Shun-chih kung-t'ing in Fu-jên Hsüeh-chih, vol. 8, pp. 1–14; Backhouse, E., and Bland, J. O. P., Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking (1914), pp. 157–65, 229–38; Rockhill, W. W., "The Dalai Lamas of Lhasa etc.", T'oung Pao 1910, pp. 13–18; Baddeley, John F., Russia, Mongolia, China (1919), vol. II, pp. 130–68; Hauer, Erich, Huang Ch'ing k'ai-kuo fang-lüeh, passim; Neuhof, J., The Embassy of Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer from the Dutch East India Company to the Emperor of China in 1655, in Pinkerton, John, Voyages and Travels (1811), vol. VII, pp. 231–70; Reid, J. G., "Peking's First Manchu Emperor", Pacific Historical Review, June, 1936; Johnston, R. F., "The Romance of an Emperor" in New China Review, vol. 2 (1920) p. 1–24, 180–94.]
FU-lung-an 福隆安 (T. 珊林), 1743 (1746?)–1784, Apr. 13, official, was a member of the Fuca clan and of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. He was the second son of Fu-hêng [q. v.], the first Duke Chung-yung (忠勇公), and a brother-in-law of Emperor Kao-tsung. In 1758 Fu-lung-an was presented at court and was made a Guard of the Ante-chamber. In the same year announcement was made of his engagement to the emperor's fourth daughter, Princess Ho-chia 和嘉公主 (1745–1767), the marriage taking place in 1760. Made president of the Board of War in April 1768, he was transferred three months later to the Board of Works. In the same year he was appointed a Grand Councilor, and in 1770 inherited his father's rank of Duke Chung-yung. In 1776 he was transferred to be president of the Board of War, a post he held until his death eight years later. During his twenty-six years of public life he was entrusted with many concurrent posts, some of which he held more than twenty years. He became adjutant-general, minister of the Imperial Household, general commandant of the Gendarmerie, chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard, lieutenant-general of various Banners, superintendent of several imperial gardens, captain of the company of Russians (see under Maci), director-general for the compilation of the Ssŭ-k'u chüan-shu (see under Chi Yün), etc., etc. He was also entrusted for many years with superintending the Court of Colonial Affairs. In 1776, after the suppression of the Chin-ch'uan rebellion (see under A-kuei), his portrait was hung in the Tzŭ-kuang ko (see under Chao-hui) in consideration of his part in directing the war, and for recommendations he submitted when he went on a mission to Szechwan in 1772. When he died, after an illness of several years, he was canonized as Ch'in-k'o 勤恪.
After his death his dukedom was inherited by his son, Fêng-shên-chi-lun 豐紳濟倫 (1763?1807), whose mother was the princess. Fêng-shên-chi-lun held many posts between the years 1780 and 1803 and once served as president of the Board of War (1801–03). In 1803 it was found that the temple and tomb of Emperor Kao-tsung, which were built under the direction of Fu-hêng and Fu-lung-an, needed extensive repairs owing to the inferior quality of the materials used. For this neglect on the part of his grandfather and his father, Fêng-shên-chi-lun was degraded to an Imperial Bodyguard. In 1804 he was appointed brigade-general, stationed at Ma-lan-yü (see under Hsiao Yung-tsao) to guard the Imperial Tombs near-by, but a year later when trees were stolen from the burial
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