ground, he was again lowered to an Imperial Bodyguard. In 1806, soon after being made acting brigade-general at Ma-lan-yü, he was charged with neglect in the care of certain buildings and was for the third time lowered to an Imperial Bodyguard. In a tournament held in that same year he was reported as being unable to draw the bow to the full. As a warning to his fellow-Manchus against racial degeneracy, he was sent to Mukden to practice archery. Later, also in 1806, he was made vice-president of the Board of War in Mukden, but died the following year. Though a grandson of Emperor Kao-tsung, Fêng-shên-chi-lun was a typical Manchu nobleman of the period who, though degenerate and incompetent, held important posts. Not only was his military training neglected but his literary qualifications were also mediocre. When, for example, he was appointed superintendent of the Printing Press and Bookbindery in 1802 the appointment had to be annulled owing to his inadequate command of written Chinese.
The residence of Fu-lung-an, known as Ssŭ Kung-chu fu 四公主府, “Palace of the Fourth Princess", was situated at Ma-shên-miao 馬神廟, north of the Imperial Palace in Peking. In July 1898 when the Peking National University was established, Fu-lung-an's residence was chosen as the site, and has since been a part of the campus of the university. The tomb of Fu-lung-an, also known by his wife's name as Kung-chu-fên 公主墳, is situated near the so-called Second Dam, or Êr-cha 二閘, on the Grand Canal about a mile east of Peking. In front of his tomb stands a monument with an epitaph written by imperial order to his memory. This epitaph gives his age as forty-two (sui, i.e., born in 1743), whereas the age given in the 清皇室四譜 Ch'ing Huang-shih ssŭ-p'u (1923) is thirty-nine (sui).
[1/307/7b; 2/25/12b; 3/93/31a; 7/18/7a; 文獻叢編 Wên-hsien ts'ung-pien, no. 20; Shih-liao hsün-k'an (see under Lin Tsê-hsü), no. 14 (清乾隆修建各處殿宇案); Ch'ing Huang-shih ssŭ-p'u, 4/17a; 京報副刊 Ching-pao fu-k'an, No. 13 (December, 1925), p. 26–27.]
FU-ning-an. See under Funinggan.
FU, Prince of, (i.e., Chu Ch'ang-hsün. See under Chu Yu-sung).
FU Shan 傅山 (T. 青主, H. 嗇廬, 朱衣道人, 仁仲, 公之它, original name 鼎臣 T. 青竹), July 12, 1607–1684, July 23, calligrapher, poet, painter, and physician, was born in Yang-ch'ü, Shansi. His father, Fu Chih-mo 傅之謨 (T. 檀孟), a scholar and teacher, was known as Li-kou hsien-shêng 離垢先生. Early in life Fu Shan was regarded as a genius, and at the age of fifteen sui (1621) passed the district examination for the hsiu-ts'ai degree with high honors. Five years later he was enrolled as a stipendiary (廩生), but failed to pass the provincial examination. In 1636, with the encouragement of Yüan Chi-hsien [q. v.], then educational commissioner of Shansi, he continued his studies in the San-li Academy 三立書院 at Taiyuan. Realizing the hopelessness of the situation in the corrupt Ming court, he stressed the importance of character and morale. In the same year he attained nation-wide repute when he went to the rescue of Yüan Chi-hsien who was falsely accused of bribery. The struggle to save Yüan's life was difficult but met with success. Accompanying Yüan to Peking, Fu rallied the Shansi intellectuals, both in Shansi and at the capital, until one hundred and three of them came to his support. Three times he memorialized the throne on Yüan's behalf at the risk of his life. When Li Tzŭ-ch'êng [q. v.] pressed on Shansi, Fu Shan served as military advisor to Li Chien-t'ai 李建泰 (括蒼, chin-shih of 1625). But the latter failed to take Fu's advice and Taiyuan fell. Fu Shan then sought safety with his family in the mountains of central Shansi, wearing a priestly robe and a yellow cap, habiliments which he had adopted when he failed in the provincial examination (1642). While living in P'ing-ting, Shansi, Fu was accused of plotting against the new regime at Peking and of having communications with the remnant Ming court in South China. Brought to Taiyuan and imprisoned (1654), he was subjected to bodily punishment but remained undaunted throughout the trial, starving himself in prison for nine days to show his aversion to the officials in charge. In the following year (1655) his students effected his release although he himself declared he would rather die in prison. Thereafter he travelled extensively in the northern provinces of China, writing poems about the places he visited. Before the death of his mother (December 29, 1660) he made a journey to Nanking and Hai-chou, Kiangsu. He later visited three of the five sacred mountains of China, namely, Hêng-shan in Shansi (1662), Hua-shan in Shensi (1665), and T'ai-shan in Shantung (1674). His literary achievements won the commendation of a number of scholars, including Ku Yen-wu,
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