and dignity. Fateful also is the fact that the triumph of Japan caused such a strong reaction in favor of Russia that the policies Li worked out brought about, not a Far Eastern-balance, but the Russo-Japanese war and a train of consequences that may be attributed to it.
Li Hung-chang was posthumously given the honorary title of Grand Tutor, the name Wên-chung 文忠, and the hereditary rank of Marquis of the first class. His name was entered in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen, and in later years special temples were erected to his memory in Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai, Nanking, Soochow and other places. His rank was first inherited by his son, Li Ching-shu 李經述 (T. 仲彭, d. 1901?), and then by the latter's son, Li Kuo-chieh 李國杰 (T. 偉侯, 1881–1939), who was Chinese Minister to Belgium (1910–12) and director of the China Merchant's Steam Navigation Company until 1932. Li Hung-chang's elder brother, Li Han-chang 李瀚章 (T. 筱荃, 1821–1899), served as governor-general at Wuchang (1867, 1870–75, 1876–82) and at Canton (1889–95). Li Hung-chang's youngest son, Li Ching-mai 李經邁 (T. 季高, d. 1938), was minister to Austria in 1905–07.
The collected literary works of three generations of the Li family, each in 8 chüan, were edited by Li Kuo-chieh and printed in 1904 under the collective title, 合肥李氏三世遺集 Ho-fei Li-shih san-shih i-chi—the works of Li Hung-chang, bearing the sub-title, Li Wên-chung kung i-chi. Li's memorials, correspondence, and other documents were printed in 1908 under the collective title, Li Wên-chung kung ch'üan-shu (全書), 165 chüan, with an additional chüan of biographical information. Drafts of Li's letters, composed by his secretary, Yü Shih-mei 于式枚 (T. 穗生, H. 晦若, 1859–1915), were reproduced (1916) in facsimile with Li's corrections, under the title Li Wên-chung kung ch'ih-tu (尺牘), 32 volumes. Yü served on Li's staff from 1885 to 1899, and later rose to the post of vice-president of the Board of Civil Appointments (1910). Among others who rose with Li's help to fame and position may be mentioned Chou Fu 周馥 (T. 玉山, 1837–1921), who after serving under Li for many years was made governor-general at Canton (1906–07).
[1/417/1a; 2/57/1a; 2/59/23a; 5/7/7b; 5/30/21a; Li Wên-chung kung ch'üan-chi; 傅相游歷各國日記 Fu-hsiang yu-li ko-kuo jih-chi (1897); Li Shu-ch'un 李書春, Li Wên-chung kung Hung-chang nien-p'u in 史學年報, No. 1 (1929); I-hsin [q. v.], Ch'ou-pan i-wu shih mo, T'ung-chih; I-hsin [q. v.], Ch'ing-chi wai-chiao shih-liao; 清光緒朝中法交涉史料 Ch'ing Kuang-hsü ch'ao Chung-Fa chiao-shê shih-liao; Ch'ing Kuang-hsü ch'ao Chung-Jih (日) chiao-shê shih-liao; The Memoirs of Count Witte, tr. and ed. by Abraham Yarmolinski (1921); Morse, H. B., International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. II, III; Bland, J. O. P., Li Hung-chang (1917); Douglas, R. K., Li Hung-chang (1895); Little, Mrs. Archibald, Li Hung-chang, His Life and Times (1903); 廬州府志 Lu-chou-fu chih (1885), 12/5a; Okudaira Takehiko 奥平武彥, 朝鮮開國交涉始末 Chôsen kaikoku kōshō shimatsu (1935) ; Itō Hirobumi (see above), 祕書類纂 Hisho ruisan (1933–34); Mutsu Munemitsu (see above) 蹇蹇錄 Kenken roku (1895) reprinted in 1933 in 岩波文庫 Iwanami Bunko.]
LI Hung-tsao 李鴻藻 (T. 寄雲, H. 石孫, 蘭孫), 1820–1897, July 31, official, was a native of Kao-yang, Chihli. He became a chü-jên in 1844 and a chin-shih in 1852, followed by appointment as bachelor in the Hanlin Academy. A year later he was made a compiler, and in 1855 began to serve in the Palace School for Princes. After a term of three years (1857–60) as commissioner of education of Honan he was reappointed a teacher in the Palace School. He was ordered by Emperor Wên-tsung to Jehol where in 1861 he was made exclusively responsible for the education of the emperor's only son, Tsai-ch'un [q. v.], who was then five sui. In 1861 this child ascended the throne, and a year later the dowager empresses appointed Li Hung-tsao one of four tutors, the others being Ch'i Chün-tsao, Wêng Hsin-ts'un, and Wo-jên [qq. v.]. Li was rapidly promoted, becoming, early in 1863, libationer of the Imperial Academy. In 1864 he was made a sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat and concurrently a Probationary Grand Councilor. Two years later—soon after he was made a vice-president of the Board of Revenue and a Grand Councilor—his foster mother died, but he was not at once given permission to return home to observe the mourning owing to the fact that the young emperor would not concentrate on his studies except under the tutelage of Li. Li, however, insisted on going and remained at home for two years.
In 1868 Li returned to his post as a Grand Councilor, and a year later once more became a
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