Considering his fame, we should have expected to find a number of anecdotes about him. There are, however, only afew. One is given by Cicero (De Orature, ii. 18); and may fairly find a place here. When he was an exile at Ephesus, he was invited to hear a lecture from one Phormio, a philosopher. The lecturer discoursed on things in general and on the duties of a commander-in-chief in particular, and was warmly applauded by his audience. Svume of the hearers turned to Hannibal and asked him what he thought of it. ‘I have seen,” said he, “ plenty of old fools in my time, but this man beats them all.”
Our chief sources for the life of Hannibal are Polybius and Livy. With Polybius we are generally on safe ground, but unfortunately we have not his guidance throughout. Livy’s narrative is too much devoted to his country to be impartial ; but he is minute, and his entire history of the Second Punic War has come down to us. There are besides the meagre epitomes of Florus and Orosius, aud the remains of the abridgment of Dion Cassius by Zonaras. We have also Plutarch’s lives of Fabius Maximus and Marcellus, in which of course Hannibal figures conspicuously, and a life by Cornclius Nepos. To these must be added Appian, whose book on the Wars of Hannibal is not without some vaiue.
HANNIBAL, a city of the United States, in Marion county, Missouri, is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river, 150 miles above St Louis. Owing to its position on the river and its extensive railroad connexions, it has become a busy commercial town; and evidence of the prosperity of many of its inhabitants is afforded by the number of fine residences on the surrounding slopes. It possesses a city hall, a Roman Catholic seminary, and a high school. The river is crossed by a splendid iron bridge, which has provision both for ordinary and for railway traffic. The principal shipping trade is in lumber with other parts of the State, as well as with Kansas and Texas; but tobacco, pork, and flour are also extensively shipped. The manufactories include foundries, car-works, machine- shops, tobacco-works, beef-curing establishments, and flour-mills, In the neighbourhood there are lime-works and coal-pits. The population, which in 1860 was 6505, and in 1870 was 10,125, of whom 1616 were coloured and 1632 foreigners, is now (1880) estimated at 15,000.
HANNO (a very common Carthaginian name, Greek Avvor), according to the title of the Periplus that passes under the name, was a king (basileus) of the Cartha- ginians who undertook an exploring and colonizing expedition along the north-western coasts of Africa beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and on his return inscribed a narrative of his voyage in the temple of Saturn. There are no data to fix with any precision the time at which he flourished, the most definite statement about the matter being Pliny’s “Punicis rebus florentissimis.” Bougainville and Vivien de Saint Martin are disposed to assign him to circa 540 b.c.; Heeren, Kluge, and others make him contemporary with a Hanno, father of Hamilcar (c. 510 b.c.); and Miiller thinks he may be possibly identified with Hanno the son of Hamilear (c. 470 b.c.). According to the Periplus, which is the only detailed notice of the expedition that has come dow? to us, he sailed with sixty galleys (pentecontorot) and 30,000 (?) men and women, and in the course of his voyage south founded the city of Thymiaterium and settled colonies at Gytte, Acra, Melitta, Arambys, and in the island of Cerne or Kerne. The terminus of the voyage was an island beyond a gulf called the Noti Cornu, in which they found a number of “ hairy women” whom the interpreters named gorillas.
The identification of the various points mentioned in the narra- tive has given scope to abundant dissertation and conjecture, and the question as to the site of the gorilla island, or southmost limit of the exploration, has been discussed with special interest. Bougainville and Dureau de la Malle maintain that Hanno reached the Bight of Benin; Miiller and Vivien de Saint Martin find his altima Thule in the Gulf of Sherboro; Mannert decides in favour of Bissagos, Heeren for the mouth of the Gambia, Malte Brun for the Bay of Cintra, and Quatremére for the neighbourhood of the Senegal, while Gosselin would go no further south than Cape Nun. But while authorities differ so much in the matter of identification, almost all agree that the narrative is one of the most remarkable records of early exploration that have been preserved. ** In its original form,” says Vivien de Saint Martin, ‘it was only a commemorative inscription of barcly a hundred lines, and yet in spite of this extreme conciseness there is not one of its details, whether of localities or distances, which is not rigorously conformable to the very accurate acquaintance which we now have of these coasts.” In the 18th century Dodwell called the authenticity of the Periplus in question, but it was considered that his arguments had been dis- posed of by Falconer and others, Recently, however, M. Tauxier has renewed the attack, maintaining that in reality we have nothing before us but ‘‘a compilation due to an ignorant Greek of the 1st century b.c., brought to its present form by some Christian of the time of Theodosius, probably a student to whom the task was assigned of adapting the old Periplus to the geographical ideas of the day.”
The editio princeps of the Perip/us of Hanno issued from the press of Frobenius at Basel in 1533 C Apptavov awepimAous,k.7.A.; Avvwvos wepindous AiBins, «.7.X4.). Of more recent editions it is enough to mention that in Hudson's Geo- graphie veteris scriptores Greci minories, yol.i., Oxford, 1698, with Dodweli's dissertations prefixed; Arnold Schmidt, Arrians Indische Merkwiirdigkeiten und Hannons Seereise, Brunswick and Wolfenbittel, 1764; Thomas Falconer, The Voyage of Manno translated .. . and defended against the objections of Mr Dod- well, London, 1797: Kluge, Hannonis Narigatio, Leipsic, 1829; and Carl Miiler, Geographi._Greci Minores, Paris, 1855. For further details sce Miiller’s Prolego- mena; Bougainville in Acad. des Inscr. et Belles Lettres, tome xxvi.; Vivicn de Saint Martin, Ze Nord de ? Afrique dans U Antiquité, Paris, 1863; Dr Judas in La Revue d Orient; and M. Tauxier in Za Globe, Geneva, 1867, and Comptes Rendus de V Acad. des Inser., Paris, 1875.
HANNO, the chief opponent of Hamilcar and Hannibal at Carthage. Few details are known of his life; his in- fluence on the history of his country, which for more than forty years was very great, can be appreciated only from a detailed history of the period. During the First Punic War he conducted successfully a campaign against some African nation, and he soon became the most trusted leader of the aristocratic party. When in 240 b.c. Hamilear’s veterans returned from Sicily, clamouring for their promised pay, Hanno was sent to require them to accept partial pay- ment; and on their rebellion he was appointed to the com- mand against them. His unpopularity with the army and his incapacity led to several defeats, and the Government was reluctantly forced to associate Hamilcar with him. After Hamilear had at length crushed the rebellion, Hanno seems to have remained at Carthage exerting all his in- fluence against the democratic party. During the Second Punic War he advocated peace with Rome; and he even, according to Livy (xxiii. 13), advised that Hannibal should be given up to the Romans. After the battle of Zama (203 b.c.) he was one of the ambassadors sent to Scipio to sue for peace, and after the war he is mentioned among the leaders of the Roman party.
