H Y A H Y A 419 the longitude of Lake Issikul. In the valley of the Talas river he encounters the great khan of the Turks on a hunt ing party, a rencontre which it is interesting to compare with the visit of Zefnarchus to the great khan Dizabulus, sixty years before, in the same region. Passing by the present Titshkend, and by Samarkand, then inhabited by fire worshippers, he reached the basin of the Upper Oxus, which had recently been the seat of the powerful dominion of the Haiathelah, Ephthalites, or White Huns, known in earlier days to the Greeks as Tochari, and to Hwen Tsang (by the same name) as Ttihoio or Tukhara. His account of the many small states into which the Tukhara empire had broken up is of great interest, as many of them are identical in name and topography with the high valley states and districts on the Upper Oxus, which are at this day the object of so much geographical and political interest. Passing by Bamian, where he speaks of the great idols still so famous, he crosses Hindu-Rush, and descends the valley of the Cabul river to Nagarahara, the site of which, still known as Nagara, adjoining Jalalabad, has recently been explored by Mr W. Simpson. Travelling thence to Peshawar (Purus/tapuni), the capital of Gandhara, he made a digression, through the now inaccessible valley of Swat and the Dard states, to the Upper Indus, returning to Peshawar, and then crossing the Indus (Sintit) into the decayed kingdom of Taxila (Ta-cha-si-lo, Takshasild), then s ibject to Kashmir. In the latter valley he spent two whole years (631-633), studying in the convents, and visiting the many monuments of his faith. We cannot follow his further travels in detail, and can only mention some of the chief points in his devious route. Such are Math ura (Mot vlo), whence he turned north to Thanesar and the upper Jumna and Ganges, returning south down the valley of the latter to Kanyakubja or Kanauj, then one of the great capitals of India. The pilgrim next entered on a circuit of the most famous sites of Buddhist and of ancient Indian history, such as Ayodhya, Prayaga (Allaha bad), Kausambhi, Sruvastf, Kapilavastu the birthplace of Sakya, Kusinagara his death place. Pataliputra (Patna, the Palibothra of the Greeks), Gaya, Rdjagriha, and Nalanda, the most famous and learned monastery and college iu India, adorned by the gifts of successive kings, of the splendour of which he gives a vivid description, and of which traces have recently been recovered. There he again spent nearly two years in mastering Sanskrit and the depths of Buddhist philosophy. Again, proceeding down the banks of the Ganges, he diverged eastward to Kamarupa (Assam), and then passed by the great port of Tamralipti (Tamhik, the misplaced Tamalitis of Ptolemy), and through Orissa to Kanchipara (Conjeveram), about 640. Thence he went northward across the Carnatic and Maharashtra to Barakacheva (Bar6ch of our day, Baryyaza of the Greeks). After this he visited Malwa, Kach h, Surashtra (peninsular Guzerat, Syrattrene of the Greeks), Siudh, Multan, and Ghazni, whence he rejoined his former course in the basin of the Cabul river. This time, however, he crosses Pamir, of which he gives a re markable account, and passes by Kashgar, Khotan ( Kustana), and the vicinity of Lop (Navapa) across the desert to Kwa- chtui, whence he had made his venturous and lonely plmge into the waste fifteen years before. He carried with him great collections of books, precious images, and reliques, and was received (April 645) with public and imperial enthusiasm. The emperor Tai-T sung desired him to com mit his journey to writing, and also that he should abandon the eremitic rule and serve the state. This last he declined, and devoted himself to the compilation of his narrative and the translation of the books he had brought with him from India. The former was completed 648 A.D. In 664 Hwen T sang died in a convent at Chang-ngan. Some things in the history of his last days, and in the indications of beatitude recorded, strongly recall the parallel history of the saints of the Roman calendar. But on the other hand we find the Chinese saint, on the approach of death, causing one of his disciples to frame a catalogue of his good works, of the books that he had translated or caused to be tran scribed, of the sacred pictures executed at his cost, of the alms that he had given, of the living creatures that he had ransomed from death. " When Kia-shang had ended writing this list, the master ordered him to read it aloud. After hearing it the devotees clasped their hands, and showered their felicitations on him." Thus the " well-done, good and faithful," comes from the servant himself in self-applause. The book of the biography, by the disciples Hwae-li and Yen t song, as rendered with judicious omissions by Stan. Julien, is exceedingly interesting ; its Chinese style receives high praise from the translator, who says he has often had to regret his inability to reproduce its grace, elegance, and vivacity. We cannot here give any idea of the uses which the accounts of Hwen T sang have served in illustrating geography and history, but must refer to the appended list of works. Fo-KoHC-Ki, trad, du Chinois, par Abel-Remusat, revu ct com plete par Klaproth et Landresse, Paris, 1836; //. de la Vie. de Hioucn- Thsang, &c., trad, du Chinois par Stanislas Julien, Paris, 1853: Memoires sur Ics Coiitrecs Occidentales . . . trad, du Chinois en Frai^ais (par le merne), 2 vols., Paris, 1857-58; Memoirc Anahjtiquc, &e., attached to the last work, by L. Vivien de Rt Martin ; "Attempt to identify some of the Places mentioned in the Itinerary of Hiuan Thsang," by Major Win. Anderson, C.B., in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. pt. 2, p. 1183 (the enunciation of a singularly perverse theory) ; " Verification of the Itinerary of II wan Thsang," &e., by Capt. Alex. Cunningham, Bengal Engineers, ibid., xvii. pt. 1, p. 476; Travels of Fah-hian and Sung-Yan, Buddhist Pilgrims, &c., by Sam. Beal, 1869 ; The Ancient Geography of India, by Major-Gen. Alex. Cunningham, K.K., 1871 ; " Notes on Hwen Thsang s Account of the Principalities of Tokharistan," by Col. H. Yule, C.B. , in Journ. Hoy. As. Soc., new ser., vol. vi. p. 82 ; "On Hiouen Thsang s Journey from Patna to Ballabhi," by James Fergusson, D.C. L., ibid., p. 213. (H. Y.) HYACINTH, also called JACINTH, one of the most popular of garden flowers, " supreme amongst the flowers of spring." It is no new favourite, having been in cultivation prior to 1597, at which date Gerard records the existence of six varieties, which are not indicated as particularly i*are or novel. Rea in 1676 mentions several single and double varieties as being then in English gardens, and Justice in 1754 describes upwards of fifty single-flowered varieties, and nearly one hundred double-flowered ones, as a selection of the best from the catalogues of two then celebrated Dutch growers. Oie of the Dutch sorts, called La Reine de Femmes, a single white, is said to have produced from thirty-four to thirty-eight flowers in a spike, and on its first appearance to have sold for 50 guilders a bulb ; while one called Overwinnaar or Conqueror, a double blue, sold at first for 100 guilders, Gloria Mundi for 500 guilders, and Koning Saloinan for 600 guilders. Several sorts are at that date mentioned as blooming well in water-glasses. Justice relates that he himself raised several very valuable double- flowered kinds from seeds, which many of the sorts he describes are noted for producing freely. The original of the cultivated hyacinth, Ilyadnthits orientalis, is by comparison an insignificant plant, bearing on a spike only a few small narrow-lobed washy blue flowers. So great has been the improvement effected by the florists, and chiefly by the Dutch, that the modern hyacinth would scarcely be recognized as the descendant of the type above referred to, the spikes being long and dense, composed of a large number of flowers; the spikes produced by strong bulbs not unfrequently measure 6 or 7 inches in length and from 7 to 9 inches in circumference, with
the flowers closely set on from bottom to top. Of late
