128 ROMAN. Henz. 5674 ; Wil. 18) or gain, and out of this (Indicate a gift to Herculus or other divinities (see also O. I. L., i. lf>03 ; Wil. 24 ; C. I. L., 1113 ; Wil. 43). Again, what one man had vowed, and had begun to erect, is, by his will, executed after his death by others (as the propylum Ccreris et Froscrpin<K on the Eleusinian temple, which Appius Claudius Pulcher, Cicero s well-known pre decessor in the Cilician proconsulate, began C. I. L., i. 619 = iii. 347 ; Wil. 31) ; or the statue that an icdilis vowed is erected by himself as duovir (C. I. L., iii. 500 ; Henz. 5684) ; what slaves had promised, they fulfil as freedmen (C. I. L., 1233, servos vovit liber solvit ; C.I.L., 816, W. 51, " str(ws) vov(it) leibert(us) solv(it) "), and so on. The different acts into which an offering, according to the circumstantially detailed Roman ritual, is to be divided (the consecratio being fulfilled only by the solemn dedicatio) are also specified on dedicatory inscriptions (see, for instance, consacrarc or consccrarc, Orel. 2503, and Henz. 6124, 6128 ; for dedicarc, C. I. L., i. 1159, Henz. 7024, Wil. 1782, and compare Catullus s hunc lucum tibi dedico consccroque Priape, fragin. 2 ap. Lachmann and Mtiller ; for dicare, see the aara Icege Albana dicata to Vediovis by the gc.ntc.iUs lulici, C. I. L., i. 807, Orel. 1287, Wil. 101). Not exactly dedicatory, but only mentioning the origin of the gift, are the in scriptions on the pedestals of offerings (ava.G^fj.ara, donaria) out of the booty, like those of M. Claudius Marcellus from Enna (C. I. L., i. 530; Wil. 25, " Hinnctd, cepit") or of M. Fulvius Nobilior, the friend of the poet Ennius, from /Etolia (C. I. L., i. 534 ; Orel. 562 ; Wil. 26a, and Bullettino dell Institute, 1869, p. 8 ; C. I. L., vi. 1307 ; Wil. 266, "sEtolia ccpit" 1 and " Ambrada ccpit") ; they contain only the name of the dedicator, not that of the divinity. Of the similar offerings of L. Mummius, already mentioned, two only are preserved in their original poetical form, the Roman in Saturnian verses of a carmen triumpJutlc (C. I. L., i. 541 ; Orel. 563 ; Wil. 27a) and that found at Reate in dactylic hexameters (C. I. L., i. 542 ; Wil. 276) ; the rest of them contain only the name of the dedicant and the dative of the community to which they were destined (C. I. L., i. and Wil. I.e.}. Of a peculiar form is the very ancient inscription on a bronze tablet, now at Munich, probably from Rome, where two aidiles, whose names are given at the beginning as in the other donaria, " mccsma( r ni) parti(m) or [t x] vicesma parti Apoloncs (that is, Apollinis) dederi (that is, dedere)" (C. /. L., i. 187 ; Orel. 1433). Many, but not substantial, varieties arise, when old offerings are restored (e.g., C. I. L , i. 638, 632 = 0rel. 2135, and Wil. 48 ; C. I. L., i. 803; Henz. 5669, 6122) ; or the source of the offering (e.g., de stipe, C. I. L., i. 1105 ; Henz. 5633re ; ex reditu pecuniar, ex patrimonio suo, ex ludis, de in uncre gladiatorio, and so on) ; or the motive (exjusso, cximperio, ex visit, ex oraculo, monitu, viso moniti, somnio admonitus, and the like), or the person or object, for which the offering was made (C. I. L., i. 188, pro poplod ; Ephem. epigr., ii. p. 308, pro trcbibos ; pro se, pro salute, in honorem domus divinie, &c. ), are indicated ; or, as in the tituli operum publii orum, the order of a magistrate (de senati scntcntia, O. I. L., i. 560 = vi. 1306; Orel. 5351 ; i. 632 = vi. 110 ; Orel. 2135 ; Wil. 48 ; decurionum decreto, &c. ), and the magistrates or private persons executing or controlling the work, the place where and the time when it was erected, are added. On all these details the indexes, especially that of Wil. (ii. p. 675), give further information. The objects themselves which are offered or erected begin to be named only in the later period just as in the tituli operum publicorum ("basim donum dant," O. I. L., i. 1167 ; "signum basim," C. I. L., i. 1154 ; "aram," C. I. L., i. 1468 ; Orel. 1466 ; Wil. 52 ; C. L L., i. 1109 ; Wil. 54) ; in the later period this custom becomes more frequent. It is hardly necessary to observe that all kinds of offerings have very frequently also been adorned with poetry ; some of these carmina dcdicatoria are given by Wil. 142-151. 3. Statues to mortals, whether living or after their death (but not on their tombs), with honorary inscriptions (tituli honorarii), were introduced into the Roman republic after the Greek model, and only at a comparatively late date. One of the oldest inscrip tions of this class comes from Greek soil and is itself Greek in form (0. I L., i. 533; Wil. 649), "ItaliceiL. Cornelium Scipionem (i.e., Asiafjenum) honoris caussa," lost and of not quite -certain reading, belonging to 561 A.u.c. (193 B.C.) ; the same form (in the accusative) appears in other (Latin or Latin and Greek) inscrip tions from Greece (C. I. L., i. 596 = iii. 532 ; Wil. 1103 ; C. I. L., iii. 365 ; Ephcm. cpigr., iv. 77 ; compare also C. I. L., i. 587, 588 ; Orel. 3036). The same Greek form occurs also, curiously enough, in an honorary inscription of the age of Constantino (C. I. L., i. 1708 ; Wil. 1227). But at an earlier date, at the end of the 5th century A.u.c., the noble house of the Scipios hail already intro duced the use of poetical clogia, in the ancient form of the carmina triumphalia in Saturnian verses (from the 6th century in elegiac distichs). As has been stated above, they were added to the short tituli, painted only with minium on the sarcophagi, giving the name of the deceased (in the nominative) and his curulian offices (exclusively), which were copied perhaps from the well-known imagines preserved in the atrium of the house (C. I. L., i. 29 sq.; Orel. 550 sq. ; Wil. 537 sq. ; and elsewhere). They hold, by their contents, an intermediate place between the sepulchral inscriptions, to which they belong properly, and the honorary ones, and there fore are rightly styled clogia. What the Scipios did thus privately for themselves was in other cases done publicly at a period nearly as early. The first instance preserved of such a usage, of which Pliny the elder speaks (Hist. Nat., xxxiv. 17 sq. ), is the cele brated columna rostrata of C. Duilius, of which only a copy exists, made in the time of the emperor Claudius (C. I. L., i. 195 = vi. 1300; Orel. 549; Wil. 609). Then follow the clogia in scribed at the base of public works like the Arcus Fabianus (C. I. L., i. 606, 607, and p. 278, elog. i.-iii. = vi. 1303, 1304; Wil. 610), or of statues by their descendants, as those belonging to a sacrarium domus Augustas (C. L L., i. elog. iv.-vi. =0. I. L., vi. 1310, 1311) and others belonging to men celebrated in politics or in letters, as Scipio, Hortensius, Cicero, &c., and found in Rome cither on marble tablets (C. /. L. , i. , vii.-xii. = C. I. L., vi. 1312, 1279, 1283, 1271, 1273; Wil. 611-613) or on busts (C. I. L., i., xv.-xix. == C. L L., vi. 1327, 1295, 1320, 1309, 1325, 1326; Wil. 61 8-621; see also C.I.L.,. 40 = vi. 1280; Wil. 1101; and C.I. L., i. 631 = vi. 1278; i. 640 = vi. 1323; vi. 1321, 1322, where T. Quincli seems to be the nominative), and in divers other places (C. I. L.,., xiii., xiv. ; Wil. 614, 615). This custom seems to have been resumed by Augustus with a political and patriotic aim, praised by the poet Horace (Od., iv. 8, 13, " incisa notis marmora publicis, per quse spir it-its et vita rcdit bonis post mortem ducibus") ; for he adorned iiaforum with the statues of celebrated men from ^Eneas and Romulus downwards (C. I. L., i. , xxiv. , xxv. , xxvii. , xxxii. = C. I. L., vi. 1272, 1308, 1315, 1318 ; Wil. 625, 626, 627, 632), and other towns followed his example (so Pompeii, C. /. L., i., xx., xxii. =Wil. 622, 623; Lavinium, C. I. L., i., xxi., Wil. 617 ; Arretium, C. I. L., i. , xxiii. , xxviii., xxix., xxx. , xxxi. , xxxiii., xxxiv. =Wil. 624, 625, 629-633). All these dogia are written in the nominative. In the same way in the colonies statues seem to have been erected to their founders or other eminent men, as in Aquileia (C. I. L., i. 538 = v. 873, Wil. 650 ; compare also C. I. L., v. 862; Orel. 3S27) and Luna (C. I. L., i. 539 =Wil. 651). But along with this primitive and genuine form of the titulus honorarius another form of it, equivalent to the dedicatory inscrip tion, with the name of the person honoured in the dative, begins to prevail from the age of Sulla onwards. For the oldest examples of this form seem to be the inscriptions on statues dedicated to the dictator at Rome (C . /. L., i. 584 = vi. 1297; Orel. 567; Wil. 1102a) and at other places (Caieta and Clusium, C. I. L., i. 585, 586 ; Wil. 11026, c), in which the whole set of honours and offices is not enumerated as in the clogia, but only the honor cs prsescntes ; compare also the inscription belonging to about the same date, of a qusestor urbanus, C. I. L. , i. 636). Within the Greek provinces also, at the same period, this form is adopted (C. I. L., i. 595 = iii. 531; Henz. 5294; Wil. 1104). Similar dedications were offered to Pompcy the Great (at Auximum and Clusium, C. I. L., i. 615, 616; Orel. 574; Wil. 1107) and to his legate L. Afranius (at Bologna, but erected by the citizens of the Spanish colony Valentin, C. I. L., i. 601; Henz. 5127; Wil. 1106). They are succeeded by the statues raised to Cresar (at Bovianum, U. I. L., i. 620; O rel. 582 ; Wil. 1108), and, after his death, iussu populi Eomani, in virtue of a special law, at Rome (6 . /. L., i. 626 =vi. 872 ; Orel. 586 ; Wil. 877). With him, as is well known, divine honours begin to be paid to the princeps, even during life. In this same form other historical persons of high merit also begin to be honoured by posterity, as, for example, Scipio the elder at Saguntum (C. I. L. , ii. 3836 ; Wil. 653), Marcellus, Eomanorum cnsis, at Nola (Momm- sen, Inscr. Neap., 1984 ; Henz. 5347), Marius at Cereatas Mariana 1 , the place which bears his name (Mommsen, Inscr. Neap., 4487; Wil. 654). Of statues erected by the community of a municipium to a private person, that of L. Popillius Flaccus at Ferentinum seems to be the oldest example (C. L L., i. 1164; Wil. 655, and his note). In Rome, Augustus and his successors in this way permitted the erection of statues, especially to triumphatorcs, in the new/ora, including that of Augustus (fj. I. L., vi. 1386; Orel. 3187 ; Wil. 634 ; C. I. L., vi. 1444 ; Henz. 5448 ; Wil. 635) and that of Trajan (C. I. L., vi. 1377; Henz. 5478; Wil. 636; vi. 1549; Henz. 5477; Wil. 639; iv. 1549; Orel. 1386; Wil. 637; C. I. L., 1565, 1566 ; Wil. 640) ; and this custom lasted to a late period (C. I. L., vi. 1599 ; Henz. 3574 ; AVil. 638), as is shown by the statues of Symmachus the orator (O. I. L., vi. 1698, 1699; Orel. 1186, 1187; Wil. 641), Claudian the poet (C. I. L., vi. 1710; Orel. 1182; Wil. 642), Nicomachus Flavianus (O. I. L., vi. 1782, 1783; Orel. 1188; Henz. 5593; Wil. 645, 645), and many other eminent men down to Stilicho (C. I. L., vi. 1730, 1731; Orel. 1133, 1134 ; Wil. 648, 648), who died in the year OS. In similar forms are conceived the exceedingly numerous dedications to the emperors and their families, in which the names and titles, according to the different historical periods, are exhibited, in the main with the greatest regularity. They are specified in detailed indexes by Ilenzen and Wilmanns, as well as in caeh volume of the Corpus. In the provinces, of course, the usages of
