JAVA 005
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Residencies. M Ues>l Euro peans. Chinese. Arabs and other Orientals. Natives. Total. 846 6,066 218 948 867 678 490 4,072 567 C61 5,329 1,277 739 478 170 621 453 499 1,472 2,387 664 817 484 1,746 71,622 3,742 1,693 17,400 5.948 4,667 14,153 9,854 16,047 12,163 4,721 2.206 959 227 3,700 2,599 5,323 1,837 6,301 3,158 6,445 3,790 17 983 77 73 1.229 189 743 2927 83 283 1,489 1,474 320 513 349 69 90 88 168 266 13 1,541 755,698 882,065 291,203 1,248,953 1,232,678 926,896 506,554 1,254.991 823,912 1,000,809 1,612.026 649,433 433,911 412,843 61,383 996,509 1,198,490 757,707 960.736 295,240 1,251,667 1.252,174 933,576 512.454 1,276,143 834,416 1.017.800 1,631,009 656,905 437,176 414,793 62,129 1,000,799 1,201 632 Batavia 26)1 I reanger Kegen-t_ i Chenbuii ; 2G08 Ta"al . ... 1-466 licmbang 21)10 Pnsuruan 2066 Probolin"o 1126 Bagelen 1324 694,761 444,650 927,430 970,455 719,546 779,478 700,671 448,127 936,384 974,190 726,808 785,293 Jokjokartn 11S2 Surakarta 2404 Madiun., 2">OS Kediri 210 M.tdura Total 29,998 200,303 9,610 18,824,574 19,067,829 The population has thus increased considerably since 1872, when the return showed a total of 17,291,200. The most densely peopled districts (those occupied by the Javanese proper) have a greater number of inhabitants to the square mile than Belgium ; the Sunda lands, 2 on the other hand, and the Madurese districts have in comparison a sparse population. The Government returns furnish the population of only the three largest towns. At the close of 1878 Batavia (town and suburbs) contained 97,585 inhabitants, of whom 4427 were Europeans, 23,466 Chinese, 68,822 natives, and 890 Arabs, &c. ; the numbers for Sama- fang (total 79,443) were Europeans 2976, Chinese 7088, natives, 66,691, Arabs, &c., 2688, and for Surabaya (total 118,824), Euro peans 4471, Chinese 6293, natives 106,599, Arabs, &c., 1461. It thus appears that in respect of population Batavia is only second. The great bulk of the population is distributed over the country in villages usually called by Europeans dessas, from the Low Javanese word des& (High Javanese dusun). 3 Every dessa, however small (and those containing from 100 to 1000 families are exceptionally large), forms an independent community ; and lao sooner does it attain to any considerable size than it sends oft a score of families or so to form a new dessa. Each lies in the midst of its own area of cultivation. The general enceinte is formed by an impervious hedge of bamboos 40 to 70 feet high. Within this lie the houses, each with its own enclosure or garth, which, even when the fields are the communal property, belongs to the individual householder. In the centre of tha alun-alun or forum there is usually a giant wariugin or tjaringin tree (Urostigma bcnjaminum), and on the west side stands the mosque. The capital of a district is only a larger dessa, and that of a regency (in Soudanese dayuh, in Low Javanese ncgara, hence the familiar negerie) has the same general type, but consists of several kampongs or villages. The houses in the strictly Javanese districts are always built on the ground ; in the Sunda lands they are raised on piles. Administration. The principal local European authority is known as the resident, who exercises judicial, financial, and administrative functions. As president of the council (landraad) and judge of the residency court he deals both with civil and with criminal cases ; and he also acts as police magistrate in his more immediate district. Each of the assistant residents administers under his supervision one of the territorial departments (afdedings) into which each rcsidentship is divided. Next in rank is the European secretary of the resident, who, as occasion demands, acts as the resident s substitute as president of the council, and performs a great variety of duties as recorder, notary public, registrar, &c. Subject to the assistant resident is 1 These areas are the result of the Government survey begun in 1854. See Havenga, Aperc.u, rfe Vorir/ine et du develop, des reconn. mil. A Java (Bat., 1878). - That is, the residencies of Bantam, Batavia, Krawang, Cheribon, and the Preanger Regencies. 3 This is really a Sanskrit word, known also in British India in the compounds desai (i. c., desadhipati), desmukh (i. e. , desa-mukha), equiva lent to village chief. The Sundanese quasi -equivalent is lembur, and several lemburs or kampongs compose a.kalurahan or lurah-ship. the controller. " It is his first duty to look after the interests of the native population, and he may be con sidered as the link that connects the European with the native functionaries." His district is of so limited an ex tent that he is able to make a personal inspection of every portion of it once a month, and to become intimately acquainted with all the native officials within its boundaries. There is almost nothing which can be considered as affecting either the welfare of the population or the success of the Government administration which lies beyond the scope of his supervision. At the same time he is entrusted with a very small share of executive authority ; his function is to observe, to advise, to report. Under the perpetual guidance of these residents, assistant residents, and controllers, a large part of the administration of the country is carried on by the native functionaries. Of these the highest is the regent, whose rank and right of precedence is superior even to that of all European officials below the resident. Always belonging to one of the ancient noble families, ha maintains the state and retinue of an independent prince, with all the elaborate environment of Oriental etiquette. He receives a large salary from the Dutch Government, possesses, in virtue of his office, a landed estate, and exercises large authority over the people of his regency. By the European officials also lie is treated with full respect and consideration. But, appointed by the governor-general, he, as much as any ordinary official in the civil service, holds his office by the good-will of the Dutch Government. Insubordination is followed by dismissal ; and dismissal involves the forfeiture of all the wealth and prestige which he possessed as regent. The regent s substitute is known as pattih. The several districts of the regency (there are usually five or six) are administered by a luedana (ivedono) or demang; and secondary subdivisions by assistant wedanas or mantris (salaried). The wedilna has also at his disposal a considerable number of volunteer mantris not officially recognized. * The following table shows the residentships and departments into which Java (with Madura) is divided : Bantam : 5 Anyer, Pandeglang, Tjiringin, Lebak. Jicitacia: Batavia (town and suburbs), Meester-Cornelis, Tangcrang, Buitenzorg, Ki awang: two control departments. Preanger Regencies: Bandung, Tjitjalengka, Tji Andjur (Tjandjur), Suka- bumi, Sumedang, Tasik-nmlaya, Limbangan, Sukapura, Sukapura-kolot. Clicribon: Cheribon, Imlramayu (Dermayu), Galuli, JIadjalengka, Kuningan. Tagal: Tagal (Tegal), Brebes, 1 einalang. Pekalongan: Pekalongan, Batang. Samarang: Satnarang (Semarang), Salatiga, Ambarawa (Embah-rowo or Bali- rowo), Unarang (Oenaranp), Uemak, Grobogan, Kendal. Japara: Japara (Djepara), kudus, Joana (Juwana), Carimon Java (Karimun Ejavu), Rembang : Rembang, Tuban, Bodjo-Negoro, Blora. Surabaya: Surabaya, Grissce (Gresik), Modjokerto, Sidoardjo, Sidayu, Leman- gan, and the island of 1 awean. Aladura : Pamekasan, Madura, Sumanap (Sumenep), Sampang. J asuruan : Pasuruan, Malang, Bangil. Probolingo: Probolingo, Kraksaan (Karcksan). Lumadjang. Jlesuki: Kesuki, Panarukan, Bondowoso. lianymcangi: Banyuwangi, Buloleng, and Jcmbrana (the last two in B;ili). Banyumat: Banyumas, Tjilatjap, Purwokerto, Purboiingo, Bandjernegara. Bagelen: Purworedjo, Kutoardjo, Ledok (Wonosobo), Kebumen, ICaranganyer. Kudu (A crfu): Magdang, Teroanggung. Jogjakarta: Sulans territory, with eight regencies, and Paku Alams territory, forming one regency. Suratarta: Surakarta, Sragen, Boyolali, Klaten, Wonogiii. Madiun: Madiun, Xgawi, Patjitan, Ponorogo, Magetan. Kediri : Kediri, Ngrowo, Berbek, Blitar. There are thus (excluding the governor-general) 22 residents and 73 assistant residents. The normal number of controllers is 100, and of aspirant controllers 48, there being no controllers in Batavia, Jokjokarta, or Surakarta. Chief Towns. The principal town of the residency of Bantam is Serang (6 9 6 45" S. hit. and 106 8 37" E. long.), bearing the same relation to the town of Bantam (about 6 miles distant) as New Batavia bears to Old Batavia. It is only 100 feet above the sea- level, but even this elevation renders the climate much better for Europeans than that of Bantam, and it is owing to this that Serang has come to supplant the older city. For BANTAM, see vol. iii. p. 347. Anycr lies on the coast at the narrowest part of the Sunda Straits, and vessels from Europe usually receive fresh 4 See further in J. W. B. Money s Java, London, 1861. 5 The correct form of this name, Banten, is getting into use in Dutch works.
