606 provisions and water there. Pandeglang is 787 feet above the sea; in the vicinity are sulphur springs, both hot and cold. BATAVIA, the capital of Dutch India, has already been described in vol. iii. p. 431. l Mecstcr Cornells, between 6 and 7 miles from Batavia on the way to Buitenzorg, was the seat of a tort as early as the time of Valentijn. It was there that Daendels established his great entrenched camp, and it was there that the battle was fought (in 1811) which placed Java in the hands of the British. About 14 miles from Batavia lies Tangerang, a small but busy place, with several thousand Chinese among its inhabitants. In its vicinity is Bergzicht (Berzigt), formerly famous for its indigo. For BUITENZORG, see vol. iv. pp. 514-5. The Krawang residency is one of the least populous in the whole island. The great post roai does not enter the territory ; the resident has less direct authority over his district than is enjoyed by his official compeers, and has no assistant resident. Krawany, the old capital, has lost its importance since Purwakarta became the administrative centre. This place, laid out by the commis sioner Du Bus, has a large native and Chinese population. At Wanayasa, a considerable negarft, the first tea gardens on a large scale were attempted on the island. The Preanger Regencies (Bandung, Tjandjur, Sumedang, Lim- bangan, Sukapura) constitute the most important of all the residencies. Banduny, the capital of the residency since 1864, is a flourishing place, with a handsome mosque, and normal school for native teachers. Tji Andjur, which was the administrative centre up to 1864, is of similar character to Bandung, though the removal of the resident and his subordinates has produced a certain decline in its importance. Tjitjalengka, in the very heart of the coffee districts, has developed greatly since the new system was introduced in 1870, and is certain to make further progress when the projected railways give it better communication with Bandung and Batavia. Sumedaiuj is already a populous and prosperous negara. The ancient settlement of this name lay in another part of the regencies. Chcribon (Tjeribon) is one of the most important places in Java, though the unhealthiness of the site has caused a number of the principal Europeans to settle about 2 miles to the north at Tangkil. The church erected in 1842, the regent s residence, large warehouses for coffee and salt, and a prison are among the principal buildings. The native part of the town is to some extent laid out in European style. The Chinese quarter, large and populous, possesses the finest Chinese temple in Java. Cheribon is the residence of the descend ants of the old sultan of Cheribon. The palaces are not so exten sive as those of Surakarta and Jokjokarta. By the mud bank at its mouth, the Tjeribon (Shrimp River) does more harm than good to the town. The harbour is only kept available by constant dredging, but the roadstead is very good all the year round. A strange pleasure palace of Sultan Sepuh, frequently described by travellers, lies about 2 miles from Cheribon near Sunya Raja. Mimdu, a village 4 miles south-east of Cheribon, is remarkable as the only spot on the north coast of Java which is visited by the ikan prut or belly fish, a species about as large as a cod, caught in thousands, and salted by the local fishermen. Indramayu lies on both sides of the Tji Manuk, about 8 miles from the coast. It is mentioned as Dermayo in the old Portuguese and Dutch travels. As a port for the rice of the district of Indramayu, and for the coffee of the Preanger and Cheribon, the town seemed at one time to have a great commercial future before it, but the roadstead was safe only during the east monsoon. The river has a tendency to send its waters by the channel of the Kali Rambatan, and a process of silting up is going on rapidly. In 1876 the Government began the construction of works to prevent the change of course. Tagal has long been one of the chief towns in Java, foreign commerce, and native trade, industry, and fisheries, being all well developed. About 1845 Dr Bleeker estimated its population at 29,536, and, if the growth of the town has been similar to that of the residency, the total may now be set down as about 80,000. Since 1871 the harbour has been the object of various improve ments. The town is regularly and well built. The native stone cutters, carpenters, dyers, and smiths of Tagal are particularly skilful. Pamalang is a thriving coast village, noteworthy for the quality of the oysters. Pckaloncjan ("abode of the kalongs") is, like Tagal, an important town. It posssesses a large mosque, a Protestant church, a fort (now used as a prison and barracks), and a large number of European houses. The Chinese ward consists of neat stone or brick buildings. Dr Bleeker estimated the popula tion at 15,000 in 1848 ; it must be now considerably more. The name of Pekalongan is associated with the smoked ducks prepared in the district. Batang is only 5 miles distant. Samarang lies on the Kali Ngaran near the centre of the north coast. Round the market place are grouped the residences of the regent and his substitute, the mosque, the military hospital, the town-house (erected in 1854-1864), the Government warehouses, &c. The hospital, formerly the palace of the governor of the 1 A plan of the town will be found in Jaarboek van Jiet Mijmcezcn, Batavia, 1880. north-east coast, has accommodation for 550 European patients. The town was formerly surrounded by a wall and ditch, but these were removed in 1824, and it is now protected by a fort and a coast battery. The old European portion of the town is almost the exact reproduction of a Dutch town, without the slightest accommoda tion to the exigencies of the climate. A new impulse was given to Samarang by the opening of the railway to Surakarta and Jok jokarta (1873). As a seaport the place is unfortunately situated: the river is long since silted up ; the roads are insecure during the west monsoon ; it was only after many delays that in 1879 the artificial canal, commenced in 1858 as a substitute for the river, became available ; and in the opinion of the Government commis sion of 1876 it would be useless to attempt the erection of works similar to those of Batavia. Dcmak, the chief town of a regency famous in the ancient Javanese history, lies 13 miles north-east of Samarang. The mosque, erected by the first sultan of Dtmak, was rebuilt in 1845, and only a small part of the old structure has been preserved ; but the tombs of several of the sultans are to be seen near at hand. Salatiya (that is, "Three Stones," with allusion to three temples now destroyed) was in early times one of the regular resting-places for ambassadors proceeding from the coast to the court of Mataram ; and in the European history of Java its name is associated with the peace of 1755 and the capitulation of 1811. It is the headquarters of the only regiment of cavalry in the Dutch East Indian army. Besides the garrison, the European population numbers some 400 or 500 persons. About the same number of Europeans are settled at Ambarawa, which consists of the contiguous villages Pundjang, Ambarawa, Losari, and Kupang, and lies about a mile north of the fortress "VVillem L, which Van den Bosch intended to make the central point of the Javanese system of defensive works. Ungaran (1026 feet above the sea) was a place of importance as early as the time of Valentijn, and in modern times has become known as a sanatarium. Japara was in Valentijn s days one of the most flourishing of the. Javanese coast towns ; and it was still a place of prosperous com merce during the British occupation ; but the harbour has greatly deteriorated, and the town is declining. Joan a has a strikingly Dutch appearance ; it is often mentioned in the early narratives. Kudus is a place of more than 14,000 inhabitants. Eembang, a well- built town, contains a considerable European settlement and a num ber of European institutions; the population exceeds 10,000. Surabaya, as already mentioned, is the largest town in Java, and ranks next to Batavia in the variety of its religious, edu cational, charitable, and commercial institutions. It owes this position to the fact that its harbour is the best in the island. Since 1849 it has been the seat of Government dockyards and arsenals ; and there are also extensive barracks, a military hospital, &e. The population includes Javanese, Madurese, Indians from Bengal, Moors, and Chinese. Grisscc (Gresik) has a fairly good harbour, and is of special interest in the early European history of Java. Pasu- ruan ranks as the fourth town in the island ; it is well built, and has a considerable European settlement. Probolincjo (called by the natives Banger), Bcsuki, and Banymcangi are all prosperous places of from 7000 to 15,000 inhabitants. The residency of Banyuwangi is one of the least opened up of the whole island. Banyumas contains a population of about 10,000 inhabitants, but there are no objects worthy of particular notice. The name, equivalent to "gold-water," was bestowed by its founder Aryft Sureng RftnA from the auriferous character of the river Serayu on which it stands. Tjilatjap, though not the capital of the residency, is a much more important and interesting place. It possesses the best harbour of all the south coast, situated at the mouth of the canal Kali Sesukan, which runs between the Serayu and the sea, and protected by the island of Nusa Kambangan ; and it has been chosen as the seat of a principal military establishment. A battery was erected close to the town in 1878, and on Kambangan lie the forts Karang Bolong and Batu !Njapa. The pile-villages of the Segara Anakan (as the enclosed bay is called) and the stalac tite and mephitic caves of the island are objects of much interest. Purworcdjo, the chief town of Bagclen," became of some import ance during the Java war as a military establishment, and is still occupied by a considerable garrison. It is laid out in a spacious style ; and both the native and the Chinese quarters are well kept. The population is large, and it is an important seat of native industry. Very similar to each other are Surakarta and Jokjokarta, the chief towns of the independent states. The former contains the palace of the susulmnan or emperor, the residence of the independent prince Mangku Negoro, the fort of Vastenburg, a Protestant church, and a considerable number of European buildings. Inhabitants. Leaving out of view the Europeans and the Oriental immigrants scarcely a seventh part of the 2 The village from which the residency takes its name is situated in the district of Tjangkreb in the Purworedjo regency. It is so called from a " linga " pillar still reverenced by the natives.
