n.ent, and had in 1873-74 a constituency of 3010. Inver- aray, Campbeltown, and Oban are contributory burghs to Ayr. It is governed by a lord-lieutenant and high-sheriff, about 48 deputy-lieutenants, a sheriff, and four substitutes. The justiciary circuit-court for the counties of Argyll and Bute is held at Inveraray in spring and autumn. Sheriff- courts are held at Inveraray, Tobermory, Campbeltown, and Fort -William ; and courts for small-debt actions, four times a year, at Oban, Lochgilphead, Dunoon, and Bow- more, in Islay. There are three prisons (at Campbeltown, Inveraray, and Tobermory), five poorhouses, an asylum at Lochgilphead for the Argyllshire and Bute district, sea side homes for convalescents at Dunoon and at Kilmun, and a county militia barracks at Campbeltown. The ecclesi astical statistics of the county are as follows : The Estab lished Church of Scotland has a synod, 6 presbyteries, 40 parish and 18 quoad sacra churches, and 14 chapels of ease. The Free Church has a synod, 5 presbyteries, and 46 churches. The United Presbyterians have 8 churches connected with 2 presbyteries. The Episcopalians have a bishopric (Argyll and the Isles), a dean, and 17 clergy men ; and the Roman Catholics have 5 priests. In 1871 there were 79 18 per cent, of the children between 5 and 13 years of age receiving education Argyllshire in this respect standing above ten counties, but 7 36 below the highest, Perth. The population of Argyll has been de creasing since 1831, from the extensive emigration that has been going on, principally to Canada. The following is tho state of its population since the commencement of the present century 1801, 81,277 ; 1811, 86,541: 1821, 97,316; 1831, 100,973; 1841, 97,371; 1851, 89,298;
1861, 79,724; 1871, 75,679.
ARGYRO-CASTRO (Ergir Castri), a town in the valley of the Drino, in the province of the Avlona, in Albania (Epirus). It has been variously identified with Hadrianopolis and Antigonea, and is supposed to preserve the name of the ancient Argyrini. It is the focus of the Islam aristocracy of Epirus, and contains the ruins of an imposing castellated fort. There is a considerable manufacture of a fine kind of snuff, called Fuli. Hobhouse and Holland estimated the inhabitants at 20,000; but in 1814 the town was almost depopulated by a plague, and the number has sunk to 6000.
ARGYROPULUS, or Argyropulo, John, a learned Greek who lived during the 15th century. He appears to have crossed over to Italy about 1434, and in 1442 was made rector of the university at Padua. About 1456 he was invited to Florence by some of the Medici, and was there appointed professor of Greek Language in the university. Fifteen years after he removed to Rome, where he continued to act as professor of Greek till his death, which took place probably soon after 1489. His principal works were translations of the following portions of Aristotle:—Categories, De Interpret., Analyt. Post., Physics, De Coelo, De Anima, Metaphyslcs, Nicom. Ethics, Politics. His only original published writing is an Expositio Ethicorum Aristotelis. Several of his writings exist still in manuscript.
ARIADNE (Apid&rr Apidyvij, the Cretan form of ayvos being dSvos), in Greek Mythology, a personification of the return of Spring, at which period took place, it was believed, Ariadne s marriage with Dionysos (Bacchus), who also, after an absence throughout the winter, was thought to return amid the rejoicings of spring. This marriage was the great feature in her worship, which appears to have originated in Crete, and to have been mostly confined to that island and to Naxus, where annually it was celebrated by the people with dances and a festival called Theodaisia. But though married to Dionysos, and sometimes called his wife (aKotTt?, Hesiod, Theogony, 948), she did not generally appear in this character. On the contrary, in the Odyssey (xi. 321-325), it is said that Artemis slew her, with the consent of Dionysos, at Dia (near Cnossus), before she could reach Athens with Theseus. Her death would thus seem a punishment for her infidelity. But in the current legend her connection with Dionysos did not begin till he found her asleep in Naxus after her despair at being abandoned by Theseus, with whom she had escaped from Crete after assisting him against her father, the fierce Minos, to slay tho Minotaur. She had given Theseus a clue by means of which, while she retained the other end, he could find his way through the labyrinth, in which he had to fight that monster with human body and bull s head. In the Iliad (xviii. 591) she is spoken of as the fair-haired Ariadne, for whom Daedalus had skilfully made a dancing-place (^opos) in Cnossus, and it is probable that the reference here is to the dances with which her marriage was celebrated in Crete. Possibly also the description of her as a daughter of Minos, which is as early as the Odyssey (xi. 321), was not founded in the belief of the Cretans, to whom she was a goddess, but arose elsewhere from observation of her peculiarly local character. Another form of her name in Crete, ApiSijXa (&t;f>avepa), refers to her as a being connected with the return of a bright season in nature. In works of art her marriage with Dionysos, and her abandonment by Theseus in Naxus, are known to have been frequently the subject of representation. Examples of both still exist on the vases and in mural paintings. The scene where she holds the clue to Theseus occurs on a very early vase in the British Museum.
ARIANO, a town of Italy, in the province of Avellino, about 38 miles N.E. of Naples, situated 2500 feet above the level of the sea, on a steep and rocky hill, between the rivers Galore and Tribaldo. Founded by the Greek governors of Apulia, it continued to be an important military post for several centuries, and was frequently taken and retaken during the various dynastic struggles of southern Italy. A parliament was held here by Roger I. in 1140, and in 1648 the town was pillaged by the duke of Guise. It is still a bishop's see, and the chief town of a circondario, with a cathedral, and a large number of churches. Earthenware is manufactured, and there is some trade in wine and butter. The most peculiar feature of the town is the multitude of troglodytic dwellings, in which the poorer classes reside. The district is highly volcanic, and the town has suffered severely from earthquakes (1456, 1732), and only 7 miles distant is the lake of Amsanctus (Mofete), remarkable for its suffocating exhalations. Population, 14,347. (See Vitate, Storia della Città d'Ariano, Rome, 1794.)
ARIANS. See Arius.
ARIAS MONTANUS, Benedictus, one of the most learned Oriental scholars of his time, and the editor of the Antwerp Polyglott, was born at Frescenal de la Sierra, in Estremadura, in 1527. After studying at the university of Alcala, he joined the Benedictine order. In 1562 he accompanied the bishop of Segovia to the Council of Trent. After a few years spent in retirement at Aracena he went to Antwerp, at the request of Philip II., to edit the Polyglott Bible that had been projected by Plantin the printer. The work appeared in 8 volumes folio, between 1568 and 1573. The Jesuits founded on it several charges of heresy against Arias, from which he succeeded in clearing himself, though only after several visits to Rome. He declined the offer of a bishopric from the king, but after some time spent in retirement at Aracena, became librarian at the Escorial. The closing years of his life were passed at Seville, where he died in 1598.
