a Seminario Conciliar, in which the higher branches are taught. But the most important educational establishment is the Institute Superior which has a staff of 21 professors, and annually enrols about 250 students. The university, founded in 1550 and restored in 177G, has been long defunct. Burgos is the see of an archbishop, who has for his suffragans the bishops of Pamplona, Palencia, Santander, and Tudela. It has several monasteries, amongst which may be mentioned San Pablo, built about 1415 and now occupied as a store ; La Merced, converted into a hospital ; the Monasterio de Fredesval, and others. About two miles distant from the town stands the Carthusian convent of Miraflores, built in room of an earlier erection about 1480-7 ; whilst a little below the promenade of the Isla stands the Santa Maria la Eeal de las Huelgas, founded by Alphonso VIII., the abbess of which was invested with almost royal prerogatives, and held an unlimited sway over more than fifty villages. Burgos is the official residence of a military staff, and is well provided with barracks and storehouses. The jurisdiction of its courts extends over the whole audiencia, including Alava, Guipuzcoa, Logrono,
Santander, Soria, and Biscay.Besides furnishing a mart for the agricultural produce of the neighbouring districts, Burgos carries on a considerable export trade in linen and woollen stuffs, made in imitation of English goods. The principal articles of manufacture are paper, hats, stockings, and leather goods. Its popula tion, which is said at one time to have numbered 80,000, amounted to 25,721 at the census of I860, which was an increase of 10,931 since 1845.
The history of Burgos cannot be carried back beyond the end of the 9th century. There is no trace of its existence during the occupation of Spain by the Romans. We find the nucleus of it existing in 884, when Diego Porcelos, at the command of Alphonso the Great, built a castle on the right bank of the Arlanzon to check the progress of the Moors. From that time forward it steadily increased in importance, reaching the height of its prosperity in the 15th century, when, alternately with Toledo, it was occupied as a royal residence, but rapidly declining when the court was finally removed to Madrid. Being on one of the principal military roads of the kingdom, it suffered severely during the Peninsular War. In 1808 it was the scene of the defeat of the Spanish army by the French under Marshal Soult. It was unsuccessfully besieged by Wellington in 1812, but was surrendered to him at the opening of the campaign of the following year. (See Waring, Architectural Studies in Burgos.)
BURGOYNE, John, an English general in the American War of Independence, was born about 1730, and died in 1792. He is generally supposed to have been a natural son of Lord Bingley, but according to his latest biographer this is not the case. He entered the army when young, and made a runaway marriage with a daughter of the earl of Derby. In 1761 he sat in parliament for Midhurst, and in the following year he served as brigadier-general in Portugal. On the outbreak of the American war he was appointed to a command, and in 1777 he was at the head of the British reinforcements designed for the invasion of the colonies from Canada. In this disastrous expedition he gained possession of Ticonderoga and Fort Edward ; but, pushing on, was detached from his communications with Canada, and hemmed in by a superior force at Saratoga. On the 17th October his troops, about 3500 in number, laid down their arms. The success was the greatest the colonists had yet had, and it proved the turning point in the war. The indignation in England against Burgoyne was great, but perhaps unjust. The general himself resigned all his appointments, and demanded a trial, but without avail. In 1782, however, he was restored to his rank, and made commander-in-chicf in Ireland. His Dramatic and Poetical Works appeared in 2 vols., 1808. One comedy, The Heiress, kept the stage for long. (See De Fonblanque, Political and Military Episodes from the Life and Cor respondence of Right Hon. J. Burgoyne, 1876.)
BURGOYNE, Sir John Fox, son of the preceding, was born in 1782, and died October 7, 1871. He was edu cated at Eton and Woolwich, obtained a commission, and served in 1800 in Abercromby s expedition to the Mediter ranean. He afterwards served in the Peninsular campaigns, but before the end of them was sent with Pakenham s division to New Orleans. During the years of peace Bur goyne took an active part in promoting the movement for national defences, and in 1845 was appointed Inspector- General of Fortifications. He was engaged at Alma, Balaklava, and Inkerman, and conducted the siege of Sebastopol till his recall in March 1855. After the con clusion of peace he received a baronetcy, and was made general, and in 1868 was raised to the rank of field-marshal.
BURGUNDIO, an illustrious jurist of the university of Pisa, sometimes erroneously styled Burgundius. He assisted at the Lateran Council in 1 1 79 and died at a very advanced age in 1194. He was a distinguished Greek scholar, and is considered on the authority of Odofredus to have trans lated into Latin the various Greek fragments which occur in the Pandects, soon after the Pandects were brought to Bologna, with the exception of those in the 27th book, the translation of which has been attributed to Modestinus. The Latin translations which have been ascribed to Bur- gundio were received at Bologna as an integral part of the text of the Pandects, and form part of that known as The Vulgate in distinction from the Florentine text.
been the name of different political and geographical areas. The Burgundians (Burgundi or Burgundiones) seem to have been a people of German race, who are first found settled between the Oder and the Vistula. At an early period they came into conflict with the Alemanni, whom they defeated ; and in the beginning of the 5th century they crossed into Roman Gaul under their leader Gundicar. The Romans not only permitted them to settle within the limits of the empire, but caused the inhabitants of the district to yield up to them one-half of their houses, two-thirds of the cultivated land, and a third of their slaves. The new-comers thus founded, in the country between the Aar and the Rhone, what is usually known as the first kingdom of Burgundy, which lasted till 534, when it was incorporated in the Frankish empire. Gundicar was succeeded in 436 by Gunderic, who somewhat extended his kingdom. In 470 it was parcelled out among his four sons Chilperic, Gundibald,. Godegisil, and Gondemar, who had their head quarters respectively at Geneva, Besanc,on, Lyons, and Vienne ; but it was ultimately reunited in the hands of Gundibald, who is famous for his patronage of the Catholic ecclesiastics and his codification of the Burgundian law, which is consequently known as Lex Gundibaldia, or Loi Gombette. Gundibald was succeeded in 516 by his son Sigismund, who in turn gave place to Gundimar, the last of the dynasty. On the disintegration of the Carlovingian empire, Boson, the husband of Ermengarde, the daughter of the Emperor Louis II., founded the kingdom of Cisjuran or Lower Burgundy, but in 882 he recognized the overlord- ship of Charles the Stout. His territory included what was afterwards known as Franche Comic", a part of the later province of Burgundy, Dauphine , Provence, and part of Languedoc and Savoy. In 888 Boson s example was followed by Rudolph, a Swiss count of Guelf race, who, supported by a large body of civil and ecclesiastical digni taries called together by him at St Moritz in Valais, estab
lished a kingdom known as Transjuran or Upper Burgundy.